A Whakapapa of Tradition ─ 100 Years of Ngato Porou Carving, 1830-1930

From the emergence of the chapel and the wharenui in the nineteenth century to the rejuvenation of carving by Apirana Ngata in the 1920s, Maori carving went through a rapid evolution from 1830 to 1930. Focusing on thirty meeting houses, Ngarino Ellis tells the story of Ngati Porou carving and a profound transformation in Maori art. Beginning around 1830, three previously dominant art traditions – waka taua (war canoes), pataka (decorated storehouses) and whare rangatira (chief's houses) – declined and were replaced by whare karakia (churches), whare whakairo (decorated meeting houses) and wharekai (dining halls). Ellis examines how and why that fundamental transformation took place by exploring the Iwirakau School of carving, based in the Waiapu Valley on the East Coast of the North Island. An ancestor who lived around the year 1700, Iwirakau is credited for reinvigorating the art of carving in the Waiapu region. The six major carvers of his school went on to create more than thirty important meeting houses and other structures. During this transformational period, carvers and patrons re-negotiated key concepts such as tikanga (tradition), tapu (sacredness) and mana (power, authority) – embedding them within the new architectural forms whilst preserving rituals surrounding the creation and use of buildings. A Whakapapa of Tradition tells us much about the art forms themselves but also analyzes the environment that made carving and building possible: the patrons who were the enablers and transmitters of culture; the carvers who engaged with modern tools and ideas; and the communities as a whole who created the new forms of art and architecture. This book is both a major study of Ngati Porou carving and an attempt to make sense of Maori art history. What makes a tradition in Maori art? Ellis asks. How do traditions begin? Who decides this? Conversely, how and why do traditions cease? And what forces are at play which make some buildings acceptable and others not? Beautifully illustrated with new photography by Natalie Robertson, and drawing on the work of key scholars to make a new synthetic whole, this book will be a landmark volume in the history of writing about Maori art.

Ngarino Ellis (Ngapuhi, Ngati Porou) is a senior lecturer in Art History and co-ordinator of the Museums and Cultural Heritage Programme at the University of Auckland. She is the co-editor with Deidre Brown ofTe Puna: Maori Art from Northland (Reed, 2007) and with Witi Ihimaera of Te Ata: Maori Art from the East Coast, New Zealand (Reed, 2002), as well as the author of a number of scholarly articles. Her prime research focus is Maori art history, while her teaching also covers art crime (including theft, illicit antiquities, looting, forgery and vandalism), indigenous museology, and gender. Ellis is a co-investigator on the Royal Marsden Fund project entitled ‘Toi Te Mana: A History of Indigenous Art in Aotearoa New Zealand’.A Whakapapa of Tradition is based on her 2012 PhD thesis. Natalie Robertson (Ngati Porou, Clann Dhonnchaidh) is a photographic artist and senior lecturer at AUT University. Robertson has an MFA from the University of Auckland. Her research terrain is at the intersection of photographic and moving image practices with indigenous knowledge. She has exhibited extensively in public institutions throughout New Zealand and internationally, including a solo exhibition, Te Ahikaroa: Home Fires Burning (2014), at the C. N. Gorman Museum at the University of California, Davis, in 2014.