From the dawn of Islam, Muslim scholars have made significant contributions to the world of learning. Indeed, from the 7th Century until the 15th Century, Muslims were the torchbearers of human civilisation. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe fell into the Dark Ages but Muslim scholars succeeded in preserving the classical wisdom of Ancient Greece and Rome. Due to their thirst for knowledge Muslims then went on to make spectacular advances in a wide spectrum of subjects, including mathematics, astronomy, geography, medicine, physics, chemistry, biology, botany, and veterinary science.
Believing in the unity behind creation, many Muslim scholars recognised the close affinity between academic disciplines, and it was not unusual for a physician to also be an accomplished mathematician, philosopher or astronomer. Scholarship at the height of Muslim civilisation succeeded in combining the energies and genius of people from all over the known-world. In many Muslim cities, there was truly an international citizenry. The interaction between so many people from different religious and ethnic backgrounds was facilitated by Muslims' sense of hospitality and tolerance of other ways of life.
After nearly 900 years of intellectual leadership, however, internal bickering and complacency saw the influence of Muslims stagnate and then decline. It would, nevertheless, be true to say that advances made by Muslim scholars from such seats of learning as Baghdad, Muslim Spain and Cairo laid the foundations for Europe's 'Renaissance' intellectual re-awakening] in the Middle Ages. This, in turn, fuelled the Industrial Revolution that has eventually given rise to the scientific and technical achievements of today.
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