Introduction: The need of a neural interface.- Excitable membrane, ion channels and neural signals.- Principles of neural recording.- Principles of neural stimulation.- Planar cell culture microelectrode arrays.- 3-D cell culture microelectrode arrays.- Intracortical electrodes.- Peripheral neural electrodes.- Failure modes of neural electrodes.- Strategies to improve neural electrode performances.- Flexible neural electrodes.- Stretchable neural electrodes.- Electrocorticography electrodes.- Retinal Implants.- Regenerative neural electrodes.- Nano neural electrodes.- Passive RF neural electrodes.- Ultrasonic neural dust.- Transcutaneous electrical recording and stimulation.- Functional magnetic resonance imaging.- Ultrasonic stimulation.- Transcranial magnetic stimulation.- Fluorescent imaging of neural activities.- Localized surface plasmon resonance-based neural sensing.- Optical stimulation.- Acoustic stimulation.- Magnetic stimulation.- Voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins for neural sensing.- Optogenetics.- Sonogenetics.- Magnetothermogentics.- Conclusions.
