Operations and Basic Processes in Ironmaking

Prologue1. Raw Materials.1.1. Introduction: iron and steel in the history.1.2. Steel and materials science.1.3. Coking coal.1.4. Iron ore.1.4.1. Iron ore to produce materials with structural applications.1.4.2. Iron oxides to produce materials with functional applications.1.5. Slag-forming agents and fluxes.1.6. Scrap. Recycled steel.1.7. Ferroalloys.1.8. Pre-reduced materials.1.9. References.2. Sintering.2.1. Introduction.2.2. Thermodynamic aspects of the process and the product.2.3. Solid-gas kinetics in porous particles.2.4. Solved exercises.2.5. References.3. Pelletizing.3.1. Introduction.3.2. Thermodynamic considerations about the process and the product.3.3. Solid-gas kinetics in dense solids. Unreacted core model.3.4. Solved exercises.3.5. References.4. Ironmaking Coke.4.1. Introduction.4.2. Coking process.4.3. Coke Reactivity: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects.4.4. Solved Exercises.4.5. References.5. Production of Iron by Reduction with Gas.5.1. Introduction.5.2. Midrex process.5.3. HYL-III process.5.4. Finmet process.5.5. Fastmet process.5.6. Iron Carbide process.5.7. Solved exercises.5.8. References.6. Production of Iron in the Blast Furnace.6.1. Introduction.6.2. General characteristics of the blast furnace.26.3. Reactions in the blast furnace.6.3.1. Iron ores reduction.6.3.2. Reduction of metallic oxides. Equilibrium metal-slag.6.3.3. Dissolution in the pig iron.6.3.4. Solved exercises: introductory exercises.6.4. Mass and energy balances. Operating diagram.6.4.1. Solved exercises: operation line.6.5. Pretreatment of the pig iron.6.5.1. Sulphur removal.6.5.2. Phosphorus removal.6.5.3. Solved exercises: metal-slag equilibrium.6.6. Alternative processes to the blast furnace.6.6.1. Corex process.6.6.2. DIOS process.6.7. Solved exercises: application of the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary diagramand physical-chemical properties of the slags.6.8. References.7. Strengths and Uncertainties of the Iron Metallurgy.7.1. Introduction.7.2. Aspects that favor the production of iron.7.3. Aspects that influence negatively in the production of iron.7.4. References.Appendix 1Appendix 2Appendix 3