Imaging Light with Photoelectrons on the Nano-Femto Scale

1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 11.1 Collective Electron Oscillations ..................................................................................... 21.1.1 Plasma Model ...................................................................................................... 21.1.2 Localized Surface Plasmons (LSPs) .................................................................. 41.1.3 Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) ................................................................... 71.2 Techniques of Imaging Plasmon Related Phenomena .............................................. 121.2.1 Photoemission Electron Microscopy (PEEM) ................................................ 131.2.2 Low Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM) .................................................... 171.2.3 Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) ...................................................... 192.0 Experimental Methods ......................................................................................................... 212.1 UHV Components of LEEM/PEEM ........................................................................... 212.1.1 Cold Field Electron Emission Gun .................................................................. 212.1.2 Electron Optics .................................................................................................. 222.1.3 Projection Column ............................................................................................ 252.1.4 Apertures ........................................................................................................... 262.2 Sample Preparation ...................................................................................................... 272.2.1 Sample Stage ...................................................................................................... 272.2.2 Silicon Substrate Preparation .......................................................................... 282.2.3 Single Crystal Silver Pyramids and Wires ..................................................... 292.2.4 Single Crystal Silver Islands ............................................................................ 302.2.5 Polycrystal Silver Film ...................................................................................... 31vii2.2.6 Surface Structuring by Focused Ion Beam ..................................................... 322.3 Source of Photoemission .............................................................................................. 342.3.1 Mercury Lamp .................................................................................................. 342.3.2 Non-colinear Optical Parametric Amplifier (NOPA) .................................... 342.3.3 Interferometric Pump Probe setup.................................................................. 363.0 Simulation Framework ......................................................................................................... 383.1 Finite Difference Time Domain Algorithm ................................................................ 383.2 Reproduction of Static PEEM Images ........................................................................ 423.3 Reproduction of Time-Resolved PEEM ..................................................................... 453.4 Huygens Principle Algorithm ...................................................................................... 484.0 Propagating Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) .......................