Radiation: An Energy Carrier

Table of Contents

Preface to English edition

Preface

Chapter 1 Radiation carries energy

1-1 Is radiation scary?

1-2 What is written in this book

1-2-1 Radiation is carries energy

1-2-2 All physical and chemical phenomena accompany energy transfer

1-2-3 "EQ (radiation) exposure" means energy deposition (absorption) or energy transfer from EQ to an object

1-2-4 Deposited or absorbed energy in unit mass or volume are quite different depending the kind of EQ.

1-2-5 Units related to radiation, exposure and radiation measurements

1-2-5-1 Energy and power carried/deposited by EQ (radiation) (J or eV and W)

1-2-5-2 Absorbed dose and dose rate

1-2-5-3 Intensity of EQ or radioactivity

1-2-6 Intensity and energy of EQ (radiation)

1-3 Energy release from a material (Black body radiation and EQ emission)

1-4 EQ sources in nature

1-5 Energy transfer in physical and chemical phenomena

1-6 Radioactive materials and artificial EQ (radiation) sources

1-7 Summary

Chapter 2 Radiation (EQ: Energy Quantum)

2-1 Introduction

2-2 Radiation is consisting of EQ

2-3 Sources of EQ and their intensity

2-3-1 Sources

2-3-2 Characteristics of radioisotopes as EQ sources

2-3-3 Geometry of EQ sources (point, planner, volumetric and spatial sources)

2-3-3-1 Point and volumetric sources

2-3-3-2 Planner source

2-3-3-3 Spatial source

2-3-4 Air dose rate

2-4 Energy deposition (absorption) given by EQ exposure

2-5 Energy absorption in living beings exposed to EQ

2-5-1 External exposure

2-5-2 Internal exposure

2-5-3 Absorbed dose, dose rate and dose equivalent

2-5-4 Conversion of units related to EQ exposure (Bq, Gy, Sv and effective dose)

2-6 Shielding and decontamination

2-7 Effects of EQ exposure on a human body

Chapter 3 Sources of Energetic Quanta (EQ) (Radiation Sources)

3-1 Radioisotopes

3-1-1 Stable isotopes and radioisotopes

3-1-2 Emission of EQ from radioactive isotopes (Disintegration of radioisotopes)

3-1-4 EQ exposure of human body in nature

3-1-5 EQ emitted from 131-iodine and 137-cesium and their exposure effects

3-2 Radiation from the sun

3-3 Nuclear reactors

3-4 Release of FPs from the Fukushima power plant after the accident

3-5 Artificial EQ sources

3-5-1 Accelerators

3-5-2 X-ray Generator

Chapter 4. Irradiation effects of EQ on materials (inorganic- and organic-materials, and living beings)

4-1 Evaluation of the effects of EQ exposure

4-1-1 There is no critical dose to distinguish secure and insecure

4-1-2 Definite and stochastic (probabilistic) effects of exposure

4-1-3 Evaluation of the effects of low-dose exposure and reduction of exposure

4-2 Irradiation effects of EQ on materials

4-2-1 Effects of EQ exposure on inorganic materials

4-2-1-1 Irradiation effects of metals

4-2-1-1-1 Damages caused by nuclear collisions

4-2-1-1-2 Damage caused by electron excitation

4-2-1-2 Irradiation effects of covalent and ionic bonding materials

4-2-2 Irradiation effects of organic materials

4-2-3 Irradiation effects of living beings - from molecular levels in cells, tissues to individuals -

4-4 Absorbed does (deposited energy) and volume exposed to EQ

Chapter 5