獸醫重點照護超音波在胸膜腔與肺部的應用

第一章 緒論 (INTRODUCTION)................................................................... 1
胸膜腔和肺臟超音波(PLUS)的演...................................................................... 2
PLUS方法的重要注意事項............................................................................... 4
總結............................................................................................................... ….11
參考文獻........................................................................................................... 12

第二章 一般操作原則(GENERAL APPROACH).................................................15
CALGARY胸膜和肺部超音波(PLUS)技術........................................................... 16
禁忌症和併發症................................................................................................. 17
系列檢查............................................................................................................. 17
超音波機的功能................................................................................................. 18
探頭操作..............................................................................................................20
病畜擺位和準備工作.......................................................................................... 23
CALGARY PLUS掃描技術................................................................................. …25
應用CALGARY PLUS掃描技巧........................................................................... 35
總結.................................................................................................................... 35

第三章PLUS影像判讀：正常的發現
(PLUS IMAGE INTERPRETATION: NORMAL FINDINGS)....................................... 37
總則................................................................................................................... 38
肋膜線............................................................................................................... 39
A 線................................................................................................................... 41
蝙蝠徵象........................................................................................................... 43
肺臟滑動 (滑動徵象)....................................................................................... 45
B 線 ................................................................................................................. 50
窗簾徵................................................................................................................ 53
心包囊橫膈(PD)窗......................................................................................... …..57
肺臟濕潤度不足................................................................................................. 60
「滑雪跳台」徵象............................................................................................. 62
肺搏動................................................................................................................. 62
Z 線、I 線和 E 線............................................................................................. 64
總結...................................................................................................................... 65
參考文獻.............................................................................................................. 66

第四章 PLUS的臨床應用：確認是否存在氣胸
(CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF PLUS: IS THERE PNEUMOTHORAX,
YES/NO?).............................................................................................................69
緒論..................................................................................................................... 70
診斷氣胸的標準................................................................................................. 71
M 模式對於診斷氣胸的作用........................................................................... 89
診斷方法.............................................................................................................91
診斷陷阱............................................................................................................. 95
總結..................................................................................................................... 95
參考文獻............................................................................................................. 96

第五章 PLUS的臨床應用：確認是否存在胸膜腔積液
(CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF PLUS: IS THERE PLEURAL EFFUSION,
YES/NO?)........................................................................................................ 97
緒論..................................................................................................................... 98
診斷胸膜腔積液的標準..................................................................................... 102
診斷方法............................................................................................................. 108
二分法問題(BINARY QUESTIONS)............................................................ ………..114
陷阱..................................................................................................................... 116
總結..................................................................................................................... 116
參考文獻............................................................................................................. 117

第六章 PLUS檢查的臨床應用：確認B線是否增加
(CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF PLUS: ARE THERE INCREASED B LINES, YES/NO?)119
緒論 .................................................................................................................. 120
診斷B 線增加的標準....................................................................................... 126
協助識別B線增加的標準............................................................................ ….134
協助確定造成B線增加原因的標準................................................................ 139
排除 B 線增加的標準.................................................................................... .141
特殊原因造成B 線增加的診斷考量............................................... ……………..142
陷阱................................................................................................................... 144
PLUS演算法的應用........................................................................................... 145