This text is part of the International Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics. It is designed for junior, senior, and first-year graduate students in mathematics and engineering. This edition preserve
A case study that uses a new technique for comparing the locational advantages of different regions for a set of strongly interrelated industrial activities.
語言是一個複雜適應系統(complex adaptive system,或“適應性複雜系統”),複雜性(complexity)是關於規律性的研究,一個系統的複雜性是對系統規律性的最簡描述長度(蓋爾曼1994)。由於語素音節表(morpheme-syllabary)包含了一種語言的所有音節和音節的組成單位(聲韻調)及其組合規則,音節分佈模式與音節單位之間的組合規律可用來度量語言複雜性,其中,音系複雜度(phonetic system complexity)是音節與音節單位及其組合規則的規律性,音系相似度(phonetic system similarity)是不同語言的音節表上音節分佈關係的一致性。根據以上界定,本書設計了音系複雜度和音系相似度的計算方法,並基於對漢語語言學傳統中的韻書、韻圖以及趙元任(1930)等方法的分析,設計了語素音節表調查法。本文使用這一方法調查了四種白語方言的語素音節表,獲得了四種白語方言的完備的音節數據,這是目前所見第一次對白語方言音節的系統調查。據此所作的量化分析結果顯示,四種白語方言以及漢語普通話的音系相似度符合白語母語者的經驗判斷,但因遠白語的音系複雜度低於其他白語方言,而與漢語普通話之間具有最高的音系相似度,原因是它的音系正在向漢語靠攏。白語和漢語之間的關係長期眾說紛紜,認識清楚白語的性質及其與漢語之間的關係具有重要的理論價值。使用語素音節表來調查和歸納音系單位,得到的音系具有確定性;音系複雜度和音系相似度把音節分佈關係作為比較分析的對象,因為避免了語言分類工作中特徵選擇及其賦值標準的困難,研究方法和結論具有實證性,為相關工作提供了可檢驗的參照。
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