Multiscale Problems

《多巴胺國度》簡介美國暢銷20萬本成功戒癮的經典之作揭露人們在慾望國度中的瘋狂歷險、所付出的代價，以及，如何平安歸來。滑手機、瘋購物、狂自慰，我們身處誘惑太多的時代，早已成癮卻無法自拔。這本書要談成癮的爽、戒癮的痛，以及爽痛之間如何取得平衡。 滑手機、熬夜追劇、大吃大喝、瘋狂消費，成為辛苦一天之後必備的自我慰勞；然而，我們已經網路成癮、購物成癮，或是酒癮、性成癮上身，卻不自知。 這不是我們的錯，而是多巴胺（dopamine）的問題。 多巴胺是一種神經傳導物質，要讓大腦釋放多巴胺很簡單，只要你做一件事情能讓自己開心就行了，像是上網、吃喝玩樂、盡情購物。不過，多巴胺會逐漸減少，需要更多的慾望、更強的刺激才行，也因此讓人愈來愈痛苦。 如果我們發現自己上網時間愈來愈長、暴飲暴食的次數愈來愈多、喝下肚的酒愈來愈烈、購物次數愈來愈頻繁，很有可能已經成癮。 安娜‧蘭布克醫師（Dr. Anna Lembke）是史丹佛大學醫學院精神科暨成癮醫學教授，也是史丹佛戒癮診所的主任，她以協助成癮者戒癮的多年經驗，在徵得病患同意之下，將她協助酒癮者、毒癮者、性成癮者如何戒癮的案例納入本書，詮釋慾望的來源、成癮的問題和戒癮的過程。 蘭布克醫師指出，在我們的腦中，爽快和痛苦如同翹翹板的兩端，當一端受到過度刺激，另一端就會翹起，多巴胺分泌的多寡影響爽與痛的平衡，一旦打亂，就會導致爽痛失衡。 她坦言，自己曾經有一段時間沉迷於閱讀網路言情小說，這個經驗讓她更了解，多巴胺導致我們在成癮的爽快與戒癮的痛苦之間擺盪。她發現，如果「痛」是為了「爽」而必須付出的代價，「爽」就是「痛」過之後兌換到的獎勵。 蘭布克醫師在書中整理出一套方法協助成癮者有效戒癮，這八個步驟的英文首字剛好對應多巴胺 DOPAMINE，包括：資料（Data）、目的（Objectives）、問題（Problems）、禁慾（Abstinence）、正念（Mindfulness）、洞見（Insight）、下一步（Next steps）和實驗（Experiment）。 身處充滿各種刺激的環境之中，究竟我們要如何不受到多巴胺過度控制，在成癮的爽快和戒癮的痛苦之間取得平衡？答案就在這本書。◎專文推薦◎沈政男｜精神科醫師、專欄作家蔡宇哲｜「哇賽！心理學」創辦者兼總編輯蔡振家｜臺灣大學音樂學研究所專任教師《多巴胺國度實踐篇》簡介防止成癮，從

防止成癮，從自己做起，我們就能讓這整個世界煥然一新。預估到了2040年，日常的休閒時間在美國會達到7.2小時，工作時數則會僅剩3.8小時。人類生活的更富足、更新奇，需要更強的刺激才有快感。換句話說，就是人們會比現在更容易上癮。我們活在一個基本生存需求獲得充分滿足的時代，用在食、衣、住、行、育、樂的可支配所得、下班後的休閒時間都是如此。然而，生活過度富足本身就是一種壓力源，導致人們成癮、憂鬱、焦慮和自殺的比率上升。各種調查報告都告訴我們，人類比起三十年前，更不快樂、更憂鬱，也更焦慮。令人費解的是，一個國家愈是富有，心理健康治療愈是普及，國民就愈不快樂、憂鬱和焦慮。本書作者蘭布克醫師將這個現象稱為「富足的矛盾」（Plenty Paradox），生活過度豐足讓人們持續暴露在唾手可得的快感之中，導致大腦發生了改變。她提醒我們，當我們在做喜歡的事情的時候，像是追劇、滑手機、打電玩，大腦會釋出少量的多巴胺這種獎勵的神經傳導物質，讓我們感覺到「爽」。但是，神經科學發現在大腦裡，「爽」和「痛」是在同一個區域處理。大腦非常努力地想要維持「爽」和「痛」的平衡。一旦這個翹翹板偏向了某一邊，我們的大腦就會設法倒向另一邊，試圖恢復翹翹板的平衡。DOPAMINE是多巴胺的英文，也是一組英文字首縮寫，書中的每一章都對應DOPANINE裡一個不同的字母，它們分別是：Data（資料）、Objectives（目的）、Problems（問題）、Abstinence and Asceticism（禁慾和苦行）、Mindfulness（正念）、Insight (and Radical Honesty)（病識感［和徹底的誠實］）、Next Steps（下一步），和Experiment（實驗）。本書希望提供「爽痛平衡」的資源，讓每個人都可以從自己做起，協助所有人在這個爽痛拉鋸環境中，找出自己的一條路。蘭布克醫師建議閱讀本書的順序是： 1.第一到第四章讀完並做完所有練習，然後再進行第四章中介紹的多巴胺齋戒； 2.在多巴胺齋戒期間，讀完第五和第六章； 3.在多巴胺齋戒的尾聲，讀完第七章和第八章。她建議讀者，這本實踐篇的任何一個部分，都沒有你必須要去完成的特定時間線，你完全可以自己決定自己的速度。做習題的時候，

美國暢銷20萬本成功戒癮的經典之作揭露人們在慾望國度中的瘋狂歷險、所付出的代價，以及，如何平安歸來。滑手機、瘋購物、狂自慰，我們身處誘惑太多的時代，早已成癮卻無法自拔。這本書要談成癮的爽、戒癮的痛，以及爽痛之間如何取得平衡。 滑手機、熬夜追劇、大吃大喝、瘋狂消費，成為辛苦一天之後必備的自我慰勞；然而，我們已經網路成癮、購物成癮，或是酒癮、性成癮上身，卻不自知。 這不是我們的錯，而是多巴胺（dopamine）的問題。 多巴胺是一種神經傳導物質，要讓大腦釋放多巴胺很簡單，只要你做一件事情能讓自己開心就行了，像是上網、吃喝玩樂、盡情購物。不過，多巴胺會逐漸減少，需要更多的慾望、更強的刺激才行，也因此讓人愈來愈痛苦。 如果我們發現自己上網時間愈來愈長、暴飲暴食的次數愈來愈多、喝下肚的酒愈來愈烈、購物次數愈來愈頻繁，很有可能已經成癮。 安娜‧蘭布克醫師（Dr. Anna Lembke）是史丹佛大學醫學院精神科暨成癮醫學教授，也是史丹佛戒癮診所的主任，她以協助成癮者戒癮的多年經驗，在徵得病患同意之下，將她協助酒癮者、毒癮者、性成癮者如何戒癮的案例納入本書，詮釋慾望的來源、成癮的問題和戒癮的過程。 蘭布克醫師指出，在我們的腦中，爽快和痛苦如同翹翹板的兩端，當一端受到過度刺激，另一端就會翹起，多巴胺分泌的多寡影響爽與痛的平衡，一旦打亂，就會導致爽痛失衡。 她坦言，自己曾經有一段時間沉迷於閱讀網路言情小說，這個經驗讓她更了解，多巴胺導致我們在成癮的爽快與戒癮的痛苦之間擺盪。她發現，如果「痛」是為了「爽」而必須付出的代價，「爽」就是「痛」過之後兌換到的獎勵。 蘭布克醫師在書中整理出一套方法協助成癮者有效戒癮，這八個步驟的英文首字剛好對應多巴胺 DOPAMINE，包括：資料（Data）、目的（Objectives）、問題（Problems）、禁慾（Abstinence）、正念（Mindfulness）、洞見（Insight）、下一步（Next steps）和實驗（Experiment）。 身處充滿各種刺激的環境之中，究竟我們要如何不受到多巴胺過度控制，在成癮的爽快和戒癮的痛苦之間取得平衡？答案就在這本書。

探討如何將電腦科學中的演算法原理應用到日常生活與人類決策中。作者結合心理學、認知科學與計算機科學，說明演算法不僅是電腦解題的工具，更是我們在面對生活難題時可借鑑的思考模型。本書涵蓋多種實用議題，透過演算法的視角來處理生活中的決策與權衡，例如：➤最佳停下時機（Optimal Stopping）：如何判斷在眾多選項中何時停止尋找並做出決定，如招聘或約會。➤探索與利用的平衡（Explore-Exploit Trade-off）：何時探索新機會，何時利用已知資源。➤排序與組織：提升查找效率的策略。➤快取管理：如何在有限記憶空間中有效保留重要資訊。➤工作排程與切換成本：如何管理多任務與優先順序。➤貝氏定理（Bayes's Rule）：結合先驗知識與新資訊做出推論。➤放寬問題限制：在無解或計算困難的情況下，尋求「夠好」的近似解。➤隨機性與資源管理：利用隨機策略在不確定環境下取得良好結果。➤網絡與遊戲理論：理解互動系統與多方利益的決策動態。書中強調，雖然演算法能為複雜問題提供指導，但現實生活中決策仍存在不確定性和失敗風險。重要的是採用合理的策略來面對時間與資源限制，並學習在不完美中作出最佳抉擇。該書還指出，人類在面對計算難題時，常能透過直覺和簡化模型達成驚人的表現。此書獲得廣泛好評，被譽為一本能讓人重新認識「演算法」不僅屬於科技領域，更是生活智慧的指導手冊。A fascinating exploration of how computer algorithms can be applied to our everyday lives. What should we do, or leave undone, in a day or a lifetime? Exploring how insights from computer algorithms can be applied to our everyday lives, 'Algorithms To Live By' helps to solve common decision-making problems and illuminate the workings of the human mind. When should you switch between different tasks, and how many tas

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