Programming

What meanings do buildings and places convey to the people who use and visit them? Too often, design competitions and signature architecture result in costly eyesores that do not work. How can sponsors and clients get more meaningful results? In answer to these questions, Dr Nasar, supported by riveting studies of competitions and Peter Eisenman's competition-winning design for the Wexner Center at the Ohio State University, suggests the use of pre-jury evaluation (PJE). He shows the potential value of this approach as well as visual quality programming for many kinds of environmental design for which the client wants to convey certain desirable meanings. The studies, from those specific to the Wexner Center to those covering the scope of history, point to an alternative method for shaping the visual form of buildings, places and cities.

Engineers face numerous uncertainties in the design and development of products and processes. To deal with the uncertainties inherent in measured information, they make use of a variety of statistical techniques. This 1999 book presents single-variable statistical distributions that are useful in engineering design and analysis. It lists significant properties of these distributions and describes methods for estimating parameters and their standard errors, constructing confidence intervals, testing hypotheses, and plotting data. Figures are used extensively to clarify concepts. Methods are illustrated by numerous fully worked examples in the form of Mathcad documents that readers can use as templates for their own data, eliminating the need for programming. Intended as both a text and reference, the book assumes an elementary knowledge of calculus and probability. Graduate and advanced undergraduate students, as well as practising engineers and scientists, will be able to use this bo

Most object-oriented or functional languages are higher order languages, i.e. ones in which the means of manipulation (e.g. object or function) can itself be manipulated. This 1998 book contains a collection of original articles about recent developments in operational semantics for higher order programming languages by some of the leading researchers in the field. Operational techniques are important because they are closer to implementations and language definitions than more abstract mathematical techniques such as denotational semantics. One of the exciting developments reflected by the book is that mathematical structures and techniques used in denotational semantics (such as fixpoint induction) may be recovered from a purely operational starting point. The book surveys and introduces techniques such as contextual equivalence, applicative bisimulation, logical relations, improvement relations, explicit models of memory management, and labelling techniques for confluence properties

Type theory is one of the most important tools in the design of higher-level programming languages, such as ML. This book introduces and teaches its techniques by focusing on one particularly neat system and studying it in detail. In this way, all the key ideas are covered without getting involved in the complications of more advanced systems, but concentrating rather on the principles that make the theory work in practice. This book takes a type-assignment approach to type theory, and the system considered is the simplest polymorphic one. The author covers all the basic ideas, including the system's relation to propositional logic, and gives a careful treatment of the type-checking algorithm which lies at the heart of every such system. Also featured are two other interesting algorithms that have been buried in inaccessible technical literature. The mathematical presentation is rigorous but clear, making the book at a level which can be used as an introduction to type theory for comp

This book, first published in 1996, introduces students to optimization theory and its use in economics and allied disciplines. The first of its three parts examines the existence of solutions to optimization problems in Rn, and how these solutions may be identified. The second part explores how solutions to optimization problems change with changes in the underlying parameters, and the last part provides an extensive description of the fundamental principles of finite- and infinite-horizon dynamic programming. Each chapter contains a number of detailed examples explaining both the theory and its applications for first-year master's and graduate students. 'Cookbook' procedures are accompanied by a discussion of when such methods are guaranteed to be successful, and, equally importantly, when they could fail. Each result in the main body of the text is also accompanied by a complete proof. A preliminary chapter and three appendices are designed to keep the book mathematically self-conta

This book, first published in 1996, introduces students to optimization theory and its use in economics and allied disciplines. The first of its three parts examines the existence of solutions to optimization problems in Rn, and how these solutions may be identified. The second part explores how solutions to optimization problems change with changes in the underlying parameters, and the last part provides an extensive description of the fundamental principles of finite- and infinite-horizon dynamic programming. Each chapter contains a number of detailed examples explaining both the theory and its applications for first-year master's and graduate students. 'Cookbook' procedures are accompanied by a discussion of when such methods are guaranteed to be successful, and, equally importantly, when they could fail. Each result in the main body of the text is also accompanied by a complete proof. A preliminary chapter and three appendices are designed to keep the book mathematically self-conta

As computerisation in the medical environment has increased, so the advantages of storage and the computer analysis of data from various monitoring and measuring equipment has become well recognised. Most medical monitoring and measurement equipment now supports an RS-232 serial interface, allowing for direct computer access both in terms of data analysis and equipment control. This book describes the techniques used for interfacing a PC to a range of medical equipment used internationally in the areas of anaesthesia, intensive care, surgery, respiratory medicine and physiology. Part One addresses the serial interface, including the RS-232 standard, transmission of data and an introduction to serial-interface programming using Microsoft QuickBASIC. Part Two looks at electrical safety, the use of Kermit and data analysis. Part Three considers the practical aspects of interfacing a PC to a wide range of equipment, and includes example programs for collecting data and in some cases for co

Numerical Mathematics is a unique textbook which presents rudimentary numerical mathematics in conjunction with computational laboratory assignments. No previous knowledge of calculus or linear algebra is presupposed, and thus the book is tailor-made for undergraduate students, as well as prospective mathematics teachers. The material in the book emphasises algorithmic aspects of mathematics, which are made viable through numerical assignments, in which the traditional 'chalk-and-talk' lecturer turns, in part, into a laboratory instructor. The book is not a numerical methods book, containing ready-made computational recipes. Rather, it guides the student to create the algorithm required for any given assignment - expressed in whichever programming language is used - on the basis of the underlying mathematics. The computational assignments cover iterative processes, area approximations, solution of linear systems, acceleration of series summation, interpolative approximations, and const

The primary object of this manual is to build an understanding of the principles of computer operations and the use of computers in the laboratory. While the development of applications for computers has been rapid since their introduction, the principles of computer operation and their use in sensing and control have remained stable. Those are the primary subjects of this book, throughout which a gradual understanding of what goes on inside a computer is developed. The laboratory provides a vital experience in linking theory with physical reality, and all of the computer work is done in the context of doing experiments. The IBM-PC design is used as the basis for the book. The internal design of this machine is slightly more complicated than earlier personal computers, but it is still simple enough to be quickly learned. The computer can be directly controlled by proper programming, and offers considerably more power than earlier designs. The IBM design also has expansion slots which m

Optimal control theory is a technique being used increasingly by academic economists to study problems involving optimal decisions in a multi-period framework. This textbook is designed to make the difficult subject of optimal control theory easily accessible to economists while at the same time maintaining rigour. Economic intuitions are emphasized, and examples and problem sets covering a wide range of applications in economics are provided to assist in the learning process. Theorems are clearly stated and their proofs are carefully explained. The development of the text is gradual and fully integrated, beginning with simple formulations and progressing to advanced topics such as control parameters, jumps in state variables, and bounded state space. For greater economy and elegance, optimal control theory is introduced directly, without recourse to the calculus of variations. The connection with the latter and with dynamic programming is explained in a separate chapter. A second purp

Optimal control theory is a technique being used increasingly by academic economists to study problems involving optimal decisions in a multi-period framework. This textbook is designed to make the difficult subject of optimal control theory easily accessible to economists while at the same time maintaining rigour. Economic intuitions are emphasized, and examples and problem sets covering a wide range of applications in economics are provided to assist in the learning process. Theorems are clearly stated and their proofs are carefully explained. The development of the text is gradual and fully integrated, beginning with simple formulations and progressing to advanced topics such as control parameters, jumps in state variables, and bounded state space. For greater economy and elegance, optimal control theory is introduced directly, without recourse to the calculus of variations. The connection with the latter and with dynamic programming is explained in a separate chapter. A second purp

The interaction between computer and mathematics is becoming more and more important at all levels as computers become more sophisticated. This book shows how simple programs can be used to do significant mathematics. The purpose of this book is to give those with some mathematical background a wealth of material with which to appreciate both the power of the microcomputer and its relevance to the study of mathematics. The authors cover topics such as number theory, approximate solutions, differential equations and iterative processes, with each chapter self-contained. Many exercises and projects are included giving ready made material for demonstrating mathematical ideas. Only a fundamental knowledge of mathematics is assumed and programming is restricted to 'basic BASIC' which will be understood by any microcomputer. The book may be used as a textbook for algorithmic mathematics at several levels, with all the topics covered appearing in any undergraduate mathematics course.

This book presents a coherent and systematic exposition of the mathematical theory of the problems of optimization and stability. Both of these are topics central to economic analysis since the latter is so much concerned with the optimizing behaviour of economic agents and the stability of the interaction processes to which this gives rise. The topics covered include convexity, mathematical programming, fixed point theorems, comparative static analysis and duality, the stability of dynamic systems, the calculus of variations and optimal control theory. The authors present a more detailed and wide-ranging discussion of these topics than is to be found in the few books which attempt a similar coverage. Although the text deals with fairly advanced material, the mathematical prerequisites are minimised by the inclusion of an integrated mathematical review designed to make the text self-contained and accessible to the reader with only an elementary knowledge of calculus and linear algebra.

This is an introduction to the field of efficient parallel algorithms and to the techniques for efficient parallelisation. It is self-contained and presumes no special knowledge of parallel computers or particular mathematics. The book emphasises designing algorithms within the timeless and abstracted context of a high-level programming language rather than within highly specific computer architectures. This is an approach which concentrates on the essence of algorithmic theory, determining and taking advantage of the inherently parallel nature of certain types of problem. The authors present regularly-used techniques and a range of algorithms which includes some of the more celebrated and well-known. Efficient Parallel Algorithms is targeted at non-specialists who are considering entering the field of parallel algorithms. It will be particularly useful for courses aimed at advanced undergraduate or new postgraduate students of computer science and mathematics.

In this book, Jon Conrad and Colin Clark develop the theory of resource economics. To begin, they provide an introduction to the required techniques of dynamic optimization. Throughout the book they build the reader's understanding with many fully-worked problems and numerical examples. The authors have written this text in the belief that the theory and concepts of resource are more quickly learned, more effectively made operational, and more truly understood if the reader is exposed to carefully explained numerical examples. By working through the problems at the end of each chapter, students will learn the techniques to be used in empirical studies of natural resource systems. The first chapter provides an introduction to optimization, including constrained optimization, dynamic allocation problems, dynamic programming, continuous time problems, and the maximum principle, and a discussion of various numerical and graphical techniques. The remaining chapters deal in depth with the ec

In this book, Jon Conrad and Colin Clark develop the theory of resource economics. To begin, they provide an introduction to the required techniques of dynamic optimization. Throughout the book they build the reader's understanding with many fully-worked problems and numerical examples. The authors have written this text in the belief that the theory and concepts of resource are more quickly learned, more effectively made operational, and more truly understood if the reader is exposed to carefully explained numerical examples. By working through the problems at the end of each chapter, students will learn the techniques to be used in empirical studies of natural resource systems. The first chapter provides an introduction to optimization, including constrained optimization, dynamic allocation problems, dynamic programming, continuous time problems, and the maximum principle, and a discussion of various numerical and graphical techniques. The remaining chapters deal in depth with the ec

This textbook is an introduction to the design and writing of computer programs. It leads the reader through all the stages of program construction from the original specifications through to the final program. The formal verification of intermediate versions of the program is studied in considerable detail. The authors show how, given the formal specification of a program, data structure and program structure diagrams are drawn and then converted into a procedural program in a program design language (PDL). They demonstrate the conversion of PDL into a variety of real programming languages including Pascal, FORTRAN, COBOL, and Assembler. The book also includes chapters on abstract data types, analysing existing programs, and a small case study. First-year undergraduates in computer science and graduates taking courses in computing will find this a comprehensive introduction to program construction.

This book may be used as a self-contained manual for BBC-BASIC, the main language of the BBC Microcomputer and Master Series Computers. Information is presented in a form handy for reference. Page 163, for example, tabulates all characters in the ASCII range; pages 124-5 summarize all information needed when composing screens of MODE 7 graphics. A quick reference to all functions and operators is given on page 179; the syntax of every statement and command of BBC-Basic is summarized on pages 180-1. But there is more to this book. How do you make a computer sort names into alphabetical order? Not as obvious as it might seem. Three different sorting techniques are explained by example in this book: bubble sort, monkey puzzle (more formally the 'binary tree') and Quicksort relies on 'recursion' - an important programming concept which is explained and demonstrated. Making coloured objects rebound around the walls of a squash court is another technique demonstrated; so is making voices sin

In this short book, the authors discuss three types of problems from combinatorial geometry: Borsuk's partition problem, covering convex bodies by smaller homothetic bodies, and the illumination problem. They show how closely related these problems are to each other. The presentation is elementary, with no more than high-school mathematics and an interest in geometry required to follow the arguments. Most of the discussion is restricted to two- and three-dimensional Euclidean space, though sometimes more general results and problems are given. Thus even the mathematically unsophisticated reader can grasp some of the results of a branch of twentieth-century mathematics that has applications in such disciplines as mathematical programming, operations research and theoretical computer science. At the end of the book the authors have collected together a set of unsolved and partially solved problems that a sixth-form student should be able to understand and even attempt to solve.

To perform computer simulation successfully, two rather different sets of skills are required. One of these relates to programming: a simulation program should do what its author intends and do it efficiently. The other is concerned with the collection and analysis of data: statistical tools have to be used in order to obtain with a minimum of effort, accurate and reliable estimates for the desired performance measures. Dr Mitrani covers both of these aspects of the simulation method. The important topics of point and interval estimation, simulation efficiency and the analysis of simulation experiments are discussed in detail. This book, first published in 1982, will be useful to both undergraduate and postgraduate students taking courses on simulation in departments of computer science, operations research and statistics in universities and polytechnics. It will be of benefit also to practitioners in the field.

Fortran is a computer language that has been around for a quarter of a century, and is still much used despite predictions throughout its life that it would be replaced by more elegant languages. But Fortran is still the only language in which it is possible to write truly portable programs. Using his own special formula, Donald Alcock now does for Fortran what he did for BASIC in his earlier book, Illustrating BASIC. The Fortran described and illustrated is that defined by the American National Standards Institute in 1966 but with allusions to the same Institute's standard published in 1978. For both the person who is new to computers and programming, and the person who has met only BASIC before, this book will give an excellent introduction to standard Fortran; it also provides a reference manual for the language.

By the time students have done some programming in one or two languages and have learnt the common ways of representing information in a computer, they will want to embark upon further study of theoretical or applied topics in computer science. Most will encounter problems that require for their solution one or more of the techniques described in this book: for example problems depending upon the formation and solution of different equations; the task of making lists of possible alternatives and of answering questions about them; or the search for discrete optima. Written by the same authors as the highly successful Information Representation and Manipulation in a Computer, this book describes algorithms of mathematical methods and illustrates their application with examples. The mathematical background needed is elementary algebra and calculus. Numerous exercises are provided, with hints to their solutions.

高效團隊的祕密，不在管理，而是「心理安全感」 5000＋高階主管的私人溝通表達教練羅建仁親解 獨家L.E.A.D.溝通技法＋NLP神經語言學心法 帶你打造卓越團隊，有效溝通、贏得人心！ 組織裡，我們每天都在溝通，為什麼還要學？ 以下場景，是否似曾相識？ 「你怎麼這連這個也不知道！」主管一提問就像在「質問」… 「是喔，但我不這麼認為！」下屬凡事唱反調，把「可是」當發語詞… 溝通就像是喝水，我們每天都在喝，但有時還是會被水嗆到。如果你的生活、職場，充滿這樣的情緒對話與無效溝通，或者主管氣場太強，開會現場總是現場空氣突然安靜──王牌溝通表達教練羅建仁 : 學好溝通，意味如果某天我們不小心被嗆到，自身就能撫平心情、繼續喝水。 讓羅老師揭開蘋果賈伯斯和矽谷教練比爾．坎貝爾，讓人願意追隨的「溝通」技巧；從皮克斯到谷歌頂尖團隊，如何以「高心理安全感」發揮創造力。 ●本書教你： 用NLP心法，讓對方願意接受我們的帶領； 學「L.E.A.D.」四大溝通技法，強化我們的帶領技巧。 ●你將學會： 傾聽（Listen）， 如何積極傾聽，還懂得回應，進一步建立自己的傾聽系統。 同理（Empathy）， 看穿口是心非，那些爭執背後沒說出口的情緒，與人連結。 提問（Ask）， 以提問取代命令，正確的提問心態，可引導對方自行改變。 指導（Direct）， 說真話、真心回饋與肯定，用建設性批評讓團隊破繭而出！ 領導者的最大挑戰，就是自己的盲點，這本書將帶領你進行有效自我覺察，真正啟動改變，帶領團隊邁向卓越。 ─本書特色─ 1.商周CEO學院明星講師分享 商周CEO學院「駐足思考 ®」合作10年課程講師，是華人區極少數結合MBA和NLP神經語言學背景之專業講師，台積電15年主管溝通表達課程講師。 2.以NLP學理，輔以獨家L.E.A.D.溝通系統 源自神經語言學（Neuro Linguistic Programming，NLP）的心法，透過Listen（傾聽）、Empathy（同理）、Ask（提問）、Direct（指導）4個溝通技巧，改變組織氣氛。 3.職場贏家的溝通表達能力先修班 為了讓學員課後有使用，課程所教才有用，針對L.E.A.D.溝通技巧，特別提供16篇的「小試身手」，以實際演練重點提醒，將書中所學應用在工作上，進而提升組織能力。 ─專文推薦─ 商周集團執

✧「傾聽」是讓人際相處更美好的最佳手段✧ ～日本國家資格職涯發展諮商師親撰～ 希望可以跟別人建立更深的關係？就是這本！ 【本書特色】 ◎人際心理講師教你好好觀察、好好聆聽、好好表達，好感關係由自己創造！ ◎7章零壓力好感傾聽分類✕100點人際傾聽要點，重點敘述條理分明超易讀！ ◎囊括基本傾聽要點與職場人際、咄咄逼人對象應對法則，傾聽就是「以守為攻」！ 「好希望可以透過談話，就能與他人相處融洽、沒有隔閡……」 「好希望他人願意對我敞開心扉暢所欲言，真心地喜歡我……」 ──如果這些願望都能實現，人生會變得如何呢？ 別擔心！就由講座受講人數超過1萬人的 日本高人氣職涯發展諮商師──藤本梨惠子， 幫你培養人際上的好感傾聽習慣，讓你內外兼美！ ✦✦「懂得傾聽」比「懂得說話」更重要✦✦ 為什麼我們的注意力全放在如何學會好好說話呢？ 自顧自地說個不停，反而會讓對方沒有機會開口， 使得自己未能獲得任何重要的資訊…… 此外，對方若未能汲取出話中要點，也將無所適從。 這時，我們就必須具備「傾聽力」， 從對談中找出自己希望獲得的資訊、話題。 透過對方的言談間獲得啟發，發現自己真正的問題所在！ ✦✦好的傾聽可以改善人際關係✦✦ 學習傾聽可以讓自己跳脫「必須想點話題跟對方聊」、 「必須想出一些建議」的思維，打開人與人之間的交流！ 透過傾聽，更深入地了解他人喜好與生活型態， 便能依據他人話語給予最適合的建言與回應，增加個人魅力！ 許多人都對「傾聽」不以為意， 然而，傾聽確實蘊含了強大的力量！ ✦✦讓對方感到一見如故的傾聽技巧✦✦ 人類對於未知的事物都有一種無法控制的恐懼， 因此要建立與陌生對象的安全感以及信任感， 最重要的就是找出或創造出彼此之間的共通點！ NLP（Neuro Linguistic Programming）心理學稱之為「同步（Pacing）」， 這是透過配合對方的呼吸、動作、說話速度建立信任的溝通技巧。 善於營造出輕鬆氛圍的人，都會與對方形成同步。 要與對方製造信任，就增加彼此之間的共通點吧！ 有人說，希望自己擁有神一般的影響力， 並感嘆不論再怎麼努力，還是得不到眾人的認可。 不過，請各位想一想，世上有哪位神祇會對人「喋喋不休」呢？ 所以，如果想如神一般擁有廣大的影響力， 就一定要具備傾聽能力，別無他法！ 詳悉人的心理，有助於更理解他人並更好的展現自己！ 本書便

◆美國《財富》雜誌排名世界500強企業，大部分已引入NLP作為培訓課程。 ◆全球政商界名人、運動明星等，多數皆透過NLP尋求自我突破，提升個人成就。 你常常覺得心累嗎？ 總是為了人際關係感到困擾？ 不知道該如何甩開負向信念？ 運用NLP技術可從舊信念中早日解脫， 快速改善人際關係，突破自我限制，重塑一個無限可能的你。 專文推薦 唐道德 德派催眠雞尾酒療法創始人、ABNLP TRAINER與NLPU聯盟講師 實用推薦 陳威伸 NLP國際高階訓練師、赫威思專業訓練中心首席講師｜黃正頤 博智全球服務管理有限公司總經理｜謝文憲 兩岸知名企管講師、商周專欄作家____依姓氏筆劃序 Neuro〔神經＝五感〕 Linguistic〔語言〕 Programming〔程式〕 結合語言學與心理學的實用心理學。 神經語言程式學NLP是透過分析各領域中傑出人物的行為模式後，研究出如何使用大腦的方法。學會NLP，就能知道如何透過大腦操作，找出需要的資源改變自我，改善未來生活。 美國前總統柯林頓（Bill Clinton）、CNN著名節目主持人賴利‧金（Larry King）、高爾夫球名將老虎伍茲（Tiger Woods），甚至大導演史帝芬‧史匹伯（Steven Spielberg）等知名人士，都是透過學習NLP來自我突破，提升個人成就。 本書以情境漫畫實例結合主題文字的方式，讓您輕輕鬆鬆就能理解什麼是NLP。作者以簡單易懂的方式解說，只要讀過一遍就能將重點記在腦中，在學會如何運用NLP的基本技術後，便能重塑大腦迴路，成功解決種種問題。現在，我們一起跟著書中主角，一起學習NLP，體驗真實改變的可能！ ※本書為2014年3月出版之《弱點當然可以克服，驚人的NLP！》修訂改版。