Wave Processes in Solids With Microstructure

This is a textbook written for mechanical engineering students at first-year graduate level. As such, it emphasizes the development of finite element methods used in applied mechanics. The book starts with fundamental formulations of heat conduction and linear elasticity and derives the weak form (i.e. the principle of virtual work in elasticity) from a boundary value problem that represents the mechanical behaviour of solids and fluids. Finite element approximations are then derived from this weak form. The book contains many useful exercises and the author appropriately provides the student with computer programs in both BASIC and FORTRAN for solving them. Furthermore, a workbook is available with additional computer listings, and also an accompanying disc that contains the BASIC programs for use on IBM-PC microcomputers and their compatibles. Thus the usefulness and versatility of this text is enhanced by the student's ability to practise problem solving on accessible microcomputers

Mutualistic interactions between ants and plants involve rewards offered by plants and services performed by ants in a mutually advantageous relationship. The rewards are principally food and/or nest sites, and ants in turn perform a number of services for plants: they disperse and plant seeds; they protect foliage, buds, and reproductive structures from enemies such as herbivores and seed predators; they fertilize plants with essential nutrients; and they may sometimes function as pollinators. In this book, initially published in 1985, Professor Beattie reviews the fascinating natural history of ant–plant interactions, discusses the scientific evidence for the mutualistic nature of these relationships, and reaches some conclusions about the ecological and evolutionary processes that mold them. This important work explores the natural history, experimental approach, and integration with contemporary evolutionary and ecological literature of the time will appeal to a wide variety of bio

Updated to reflect recent work in the field, this book emphasizes crystalline solids, going from the crystal lattice to the ideas of reciprocal space and Brillouin zones, and develops these ideas for lattice vibrations, for the theory of metals, and for semiconductors. The theme of lattice periodicity and its varied consequences runs through eighty percent of the book. Other sections deal with major aspects of solid state physics controlled by other phenomena: superconductivity, dielectric and magnetic properties, and magnetic resonance.

The relation between individual and collective processes is central to the social sciences, yet difficult to conceptualize because of the necessity of crossing disciplinary boundaries. The result is that researchers in different disciplines construct their own implicit, and often unsatisfactory, models of either individual or collective phenomena, which in turn influence their theoretical and empirical work. In this 1985 book, Drew Westen attempts to cross these boundaries, proposing an interdisciplinary approach to personality, to culture, and to the relation between the two. Throughout the book, Westen provides reviews of a variety of fields, including personality theory, moral development, ego development, and culture theory. His book will appeal to students and scholars in all the social sciences, as well as to any reader concerned with understanding the relation between individuals and the world in which they live.

This radical revision of Professor Bullen's acclaimed and widely used text provides an introduction to modern seismological theory, with emphasis on both the physical models and the mathematical descriptions of earthquakes and their sources. The essential core of the earlier editions has been retained, particularly the tensor treatment of elasticity, seismic wave travel-time analysis and density in the Earth, although these parts of the text have been brought up to date and expanded. The new part of the book reflects on how the study of earthquakes, seismic waves and seismic risk has been broadened in the past two decades. Thus, this edition includes introductory theory of earthquake sources, seismic wave travel through complex geological zones and viscous and anisotropic media, vibrations of the whole Earth, strong-motion seismology and earthquake prediction and risk. There is an emphasis on statistical and numerical procedures and problems of resolution in inverse theory. Modern clas

The relation between individual and collective processes is central to the social sciences, yet difficult to conceptualize because of the necessity of crossing disciplinary boundaries. The result is that researchers in different disciplines construct their own implicit, and often unsatisfactory, models of either individual or collective phenomena, which in turn influence their theoretical and empirical work. In this 1985 book, Drew Westen attempts to cross these boundaries, proposing an interdisciplinary approach to personality, to culture, and to the relation between the two. Throughout the book, Westen provides reviews of a variety of fields, including personality theory, moral development, ego development, and culture theory. His book will appeal to students and scholars in all the social sciences, as well as to any reader concerned with understanding the relation between individuals and the world in which they live.

These edited proceedings, first published in 1985, provide a thematic review of four important areas of marine biology. The theme of the first part of the volume is production at boundary systems and in particular it deals with rates of production and related processes at boundary systems, including shelf breaks, thermoclines and the fronts between stratified and mixed waters and the contribution of the production of such systems to the overall productivity of a region. The second part look sat the dynamics of deep-sea life: new techniques of and results from direct observation, in situ experimentation and sampling, especially those concerning rates and processes in the deep sea. The third part examines concepts of community organisation in the benthos: theoretical and empirical studies that synthesise the structural and functional properties of benthic communities. The final section on adaptive relevance of variability in biochemical and physiological processes, with particular emphas

This 1985 book comprises the papers presented at the symposium of the Internation Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Sheffield April 1984, held in memory of the late J. D. Eshelby FRS, Professor of the Theory of Materials at the University of Sheffield. The papers reflect the range of Professor Eshelby's interests. Topics include conservation laws and their applications; inclusions, inhomogeneities and composites; short cracks; the dynamics of dislocations and cracks; dislocations and point defects; and creep fracture. There is also an obituary of Professor Eshelby, together with a complete list of his publications. The 45 papers in this volume provide an international survey of work in the field of deformation and fracture, with theoretical examinations, reports of empirical investigations and descriptions of experimental techniques. It will be of interest to professionals and researchers in the science of materials, mechanics of solids and mechanical engineering and to relat

In all poor countries, malnutrition and infectious diseases are the major biological processes leading to child deaths, but the social, economic, and environmental determinants of the variations in these conditions in different societies are poorly understood. This 1985 volume contains papers by specialists within the two separate disciplines - demography and epidemiology - primarily concerned with investigating such topics. The overriding objective is to specify the many independent and proximate variables that determine health status and to point out critical interrelationships. The presentations are intended to promote vital policy-relevant research in less-developed countries.

This book was originally published in 1985. In the twenty years preceding publication very considerable advances were made in our understanding of the physiology and ecology of lichens and of the functional nature of the symbiosis between the algal and fungal partners. This book provides a critical and selective review of lichen physiological ecology. The approach is a broad one, with consideration given to all the major factors in the lichen's environment and to the important processes of nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis and respiration. The book will be of interest to students and research workers in plant ecology, plant physiology and lichenology.

This major 1984 study of South African trade unionism traces the history of the South African Trades and Labour Council (TLC) from its origins in the 1920s to its demise in the early 1950s. The book focuses on South Africa's secondary industrialisation and subsequent changes in work organization. By analysing trade union structures and strategies Dr Lewis shows how divisions within the labour movement were bound up with the development of production processes and the division of labour, rather than being the inevitable outcome of racial antagonisms. The early chapters analyse the emergence of different trade union strategies. As work processes were transformed by the rapid industrialisation of the 1940s, the traditional craftsmen lost their technical indispensability and increasingly performed supervisory functions. Faced with dilution and undercutting, and increasingly hostile to the majority of black production workers, the craft unions responded by redefining membership on the basis

To what extent are human beings capable of changing their physical characteristics and behavioural patterns over the course of their lives? This question has engaged scientists for decades: the fundamental issue is plasticity. In this wide-ranging book, Richard Lerner explores the relevant theory and empirical evidence in a variety of disciplines: molecular genetics, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, evolutionary biology, anthropology, comparative and developmental psychology, and sociology. The processes studied by each of these disciplines show evidence of plasticity. Conclusions about plasticity have important implications for interventions aimed at enhancing human life, as well as for future research agendas. On the Nature of Human Plasticity will be a valuable resource for all those scientists concerned with human development at biological and social levels and for their students.

The question why certain kinds of legal institutions are found in certain kinds of societies has been little explored by anthropologists. In this book Katherine Newman examines a sample of some sixty different preindustrial societies, distributed across the world, in an attempt to explain why their legal systems vary. The key to understanding this variation, Professor Newman argues, is to be found in economic organization. Adopting a Marxian, or materialist, approach, she draws on original ethnographic sources for each culture in order to investigate how legal processes and institutions regulate basic aspects of economic life in societies with differing types of economic organization. She also examines the commonalities of law within various preindustrial 'modes of production' and shows that the patterning of legal institutions arises from underlying tensions in production systems. In offering an explanation of the distribution of legal institutions across preindustrial societies, as w

In this, our Second Edition of Reproduction in Mammals, we are responding to numerous requests for a more up-to-date and rather more detailed treatment of the subject. The First Edition was accorded an excellent reception, but the first five books were written ten years ago and inevitably there have been advances on many fronts since then. As before, the manner of presentation is intended to make the subject matter interesting to read and readily comprehensible to undergraduates in the biological sciences, and yet with sufficient depth to provide a valued source of information to graduates engaged in both teaching and research. Our authors have been selected from among the best known in their respective fields. This volume discusses the manifold ways in which hormones control the reproductive processes in male and female mammals. The hypothalamus regulates both the anterior and posterior pituitary glands, whilst the pineal can exert a modulating influence on the hypothalamus. The pitui

A 'soliton' is a localized nonlinear wave of permanent form which may interact strongly with other solitons so that when they separate after the interaction they regain their original forms. This textbook is an account of the theory of solitons and of the diverse applications of the theory to nonlinear systems arising in the physical sciences. The essence of the book is an introduction to the method of inverse scattering. Solitary waves, cnoidal waves, conservation laws, the initial-value problem for the Korteweg-de Vries equation, the Lax method, the sine-Gordon equation and Backlund transformations are treated. The book will be useful for research workers who wish to learn about solitons as well as graduate students in mathematics, physics and engineering.

Provides a comprehensive theory of the approximations of quantile processes in light of recent advances, as well as some of their statistical applications.

Economists have long treated technological phenomena as events transpiring inside a black box and, on the whole, have adhered rather strictly to a self-imposed ordinance not to inquire too seriously into what transpires inside that box. The purpose of Professor Rosenberg's work is to break open and examine the contents of the black box. In so doing, a number of important economic problems be powerfully illuminated. The author clearly shows how specific features of individual technologies have shaped a number of variables of great concern to economists: the rate of productivity improvement, the nature of learning processes underlying technological change itself, the speed of technology transfer, and the effectiveness of government policies that are intended to influence technologies in particular ways. The separate chapters of this book reflect a primary concern with some of the distinctive aspects of industrial technologies in the twentieth century, such as the increasing reliance upon

An original and exciting work of comparative history, this book analyses the origins of segregation as a specific stage in the evolution of white supremacy in South Africa and the American South. Unlike scholars who have attributed twentieth-century patterns of race relations to the continuation of earlier social norms and attitudes, Cell understands segregation as a distinct system and ideology of race and class division, closely associated with urbanisation, industrialisation, and modern processes of state and party formation. Originally advocated by moderates and liberals, rather than by racist fanatic with whom it later came to be identified, segregation became comparatively sophisticated, flexible, and absorptive. In its ambiguities even advocates of black power could sometimes find a basis for collaboration.

Archaeology as Human Ecology is a new introduction to concepts and methods in archaeology. It deals not with artifacts, but with sites, settlements, and subsistence. Karl W. Butzer's goal is to interpret the ecosystem of which an archaeologicial site or site network was part. Components of this study include geo-archaeology, archaeobotany, zoo-archaeology, and archaeometry. These methods are then used in examining interactions between human communities and their biophysical environment: the impact of settlement on site formation and the effects of subsistence activities on plants, animals, soils, and overall landscape modification. Finally, the methods and theoretical approach, are applied to examine the processes of cultural change and continuity. The approach of Archaeology as Human Ecology goes far beyond traditional environmental archaeology, which is concerned with simple reconstruction. It provides a clear, systemic approach that immediately allows an assessment of interactions.

This 1996 collection of essays deals with the ways in which sex and gender are socially organized and conceptually construed in various cultures. Its scope is not limited to a series of cross-cultural issues of sex roles and sexual status but rather encompasses a wide range of sex-related practices and beliefs. Ceremonial virginity in Polynesian ritual androgynism in New Guinea, the valorization of young African bachelors, and fantasies of male self-sufficiency in South American myth are among the subjects discussed. Taken in their totality, these essays demonstrate that cultural notions sexuality and gender are seldom straightforward extrapolations of biological facts but are the outcome of social and cultural processes. The book is not only a compendium of symbolic approaches to gender but is also an important statement of the theoretical directions in anthropological research in this field.

What constitutes a scientific discovery? How do discoveries happen and how are they recognised as such? These are questions of central concern to scientists and philosophers. In this book, Augustine Brannigan provides a critical examination of the major theories which have been devised to account for discoveries and innovations in science, and develops a fresh alternative. Dr Brannigan begins by arguing that most theories fall into one of two classes: mentalistic theories, which describe how ideas come into the mind, and cultural theories, which describe how they 'mature' in a particular culture. His account reveals a series of empirical and methodological problems that make these existing models untenable and he proposes as an alternative a sociological approach, which draws attention not to what makes discoveries happen, but to the processes whereby certain achievements are recognised and labelled as discoveries. This approach is illustrated in detail with a number of important scien

Holdgate's 1979 book A Perspective of Environmental Pollution was an intensely important volume when it was first published, looking as it did to contextualise and extensively review the effects of pollution throughout the 1970s. As founding director of the Department of the Environment's Central Unit on Environmental Pollution, Dr Holdgate was eminently well qualified to provide this analysis. Holdgate takes an ecological view of pollutants, pathways and environmental change, whilst also looking at international pollution and the way in which patterns of pollution are monitored and costed. Whilst his primary analysis is scientific, he also writes confidently and convincingly on the legal, administrative and economic effects of industrial processes on the environment. This book will continue to be of use to anyone with an interest in the impact and assessment of environmental pollution.

The pueblos jóvenes or 'young towns' of Lima, capital of Peru, are one of the most spectacular phenomena of Latin American urbanization. They were originally formed when poor migrants from the sierra invaded vacant land within the city, initially erecting matting shelters; but latterly governments encouraged the upgrading of these settlements, through the self-help of their residents, and in consequence many older pueblos jóvenes developed into poor working-class suburbs with solidly built houses. In this book, which was originally published in 1980 as part of the Urbanization in Developing Countries series, Professor Lloyd outlines the processes that led to the formation of the pueblos jóvenes. First, the author shows that the settlement is a strongly cohesive community; and second that the term 'marginal', which is applied to both the settlement and its people, is in many senses inappropriate. He also critically examines government policies between the middle class and the poor.

The two parts of this book treat probability and statistics as mathematical disciplines and with the same degree of rigour as is adopted for other branches of applied mathematics at the level of a British honours degree. They contain the minimum information about these subjects that any honours graduate in mathematics ought to know. They are written primarily for general mathematicians, rather than for statistical specialists or for natural scientists who need to use statistics in their work. No previous knowledge of probability or statistics is assumed, though familiarity with calculus and linear algebra is required. The first volume takes the theory of probability sufficiently far to be able to discuss the simpler random processes, for example, queueing theory and random walks. The second volume deals with statistics, the theory of making valid inferences from experimental data, and includes an account of the methods of least squares and maximum likelihood; it uses the results of the

The two parts of this book treat probability and statistics as mathematical disciplines and with the same degree of rigour as is adopted for other branches of applied mathematics at the level of a British honours degree. They contain the minimum information about these subjects that any honours graduate in mathematics ought to know. They are written primarily for general mathematicians, rather than for statistical specialists or for natural scientists who need to use statistics in their work. No previous knowledge of probability or statistics is assumed, though familiarity with calculus and linear algebra is required. The first volume takes the theory of probability sufficiently far to be able to discuss the simpler random processes, for example, queueing theory and random walks. The second volume deals with statistics, the theory of making valid inferences from experimental data, and includes an account of the methods of least squares and maximum likelihood; it uses the results of the

Turbulent flow is a most important branch of fluid dynamics yet its complexity has tended to make it one of the least understood. Empirical data have been appearing rapidly for more than twenty years but a consistent theory of turbulent flow based on the results has been lacking. The original edition of Dr Townsend's book was the first to attempt a systematic and comprehensive discussion of all kinds of turbulent motion and to provide a reliable analysis of the processes which occur. The theory and associated concepts are applied to the description of a variety of flows: free turbulent flows such as wakes and jets, wall flows in pipes and boundary layers, flows affected by buoyancy forces such as heat plumes and the atmospheric boundary layer and flows with curved streamlines. This monograph will appeal to practitioners and researchers in engineering, meteorology, oceanography, physics and applied mathematics. This paperback edition was first issued in hard covers in 1976 as a complete

The phenomena treated in this book all depend on the action of gravity on small density differences in a non-rotating fluid. The author gives a connected account of the various motions which can be driven or influenced by buoyancy forces in a stratified fluid, including internal waves, turbulent shear flows and buoyant convection. This excellent introduction to a rapidly developing field, first published in 1973, can be used as the basis of graduate courses in university departments of meteorology, oceanography and various branches of engineering. This edition is reprinted with corrections, and extra references have been added to allow readers to bring themselves up to date on specific topics. Professor Turner is a physicist with a special interest in laboratory modelling of small-scale geophysical processes. An important feature is the superb illustration of the text with many fine photographs of laboratory experiments and natural phenomena.

This straightforward course based on the idea of a limit is intended for students who have acquired a working knowledge of the calculus and are ready for a more systematic treatment which also brings in other limiting processes, such as the summation of infinite series and the expansion of trigonometric functions as power series. Particular attention is given to clarity of exposition and the logical development of the subject matter. A large number of examples is included, with hints for the solution of many of them.

This book is about the processes by which Christians of the first century came to understand Jesus as they did. Some writers represent these as 'evolutionary', as though a merely human teacher came to be thought of as a divine figure (a new species, so to speak). Professor Moule suggests that 'development' is a preferable analogy, implying not the evolution of a new species of figure, but the development of understanding of what was there in Jesus from the beginning. The author re-examines four familiar characterizations of Jesus as 'the Son of Man', 'the Son of God', 'Christ' and 'Lord'; then he considers the reflexion in the Pauline epistles of an experience of Jesus as more than individual. In his concluding chapter Professor Moule speculates, in dialogue with Dr Haddon Willmer, about the implications of his findings for Christian doctrine. The book, which earned for the author the Collins Biennial Religious Book Award in 1977, embodies his 1974 Moorhouse Lectures in Melbourne, Aust

Approximately 1,000 problems ? with answers and solutions included at the back of the book ? illustrate such topics as random events, random variables, limit theorems, Markov processes, and much more.

This book shows how a play 'works' in the theatre: how it generates life, meaning and excitement on the stage for the audience. It is self evident that a play must communicate or it is not a play at all. Professor Styan argues that, while communication in drama begins with the script, the value or power of a play must be tested upon an audience. In the theatre experience, it is not so much the elements of drama on the stage or the perceptions of the audience which are important, as the relationships between them. It follows that the study of drama is the study of how the stage compels its audience to be involved in its actual processes; it is a study of a particular social situation. Professor Styan discusses in detail the particular social situation, conditions of performance and physical playhouse in which a play thrives. There is a wealth of examples from all periods of Western drama. He especially deals with plays which make no pretence to 'realism', and much of the discussion turn

The study of radiation damage in solids generally has been stimulated by the technological demands of nuclear energy and space research. Professor Thompson's 1969 book discusses the basic atomic mechanisms which give rise to the main effects induced by radiation in metals, since it is in their relatively simple structures that the fundamental processes can be most easily identified. The first part of the book describes the nature of lattice defects in metal crystals. The presentation leads naturally into the discussion of radiation damage in the second part and recognises the important contribution that the study of irradiated metals has made to our general knowledge of defects. The wide coverage of this book includes developments in our understanding of collision cascades, of the clustering of point defects and the behaviour of impurities induced by irradiation.

These lecture notes comprise a three-semester graduate course in quantum mechanics at the University of Illinois. There are a number of texts which present the basic topics very well; but since a fair quantity of the material discussed in my course was not available to the students in elementary quantum mechanics books, I was asked to prepare written notes. In retrospect these lecture notes seemed sufficiently interesting to warrant their publication in this format. The notes, presented here in slightly revised form, consitutute a self-contained course in quantum mechanics from first principles to elementary and relativistic one-particle mechanics. Prerequisite to reading these notes is some familiarity with elementary quantum mechanics, at least at the undergraduate level. Preferably the reader should already have met the uncertainty principle and the concept of a wave function. Prerequisites also include sufficient acquaintance with complex cariables to be able to do simple contour i

A good grasp of the theory of structures - the theoretical basis by which the strength, stiffness and stability of a building can be understood - is fundamental to structural engineers and architects. Yet most modern structural analysis and design is carried out by computer, with the user isolated from the processes in action. Plastic Design of Frames; Volume 1. Fundamentals provides a broad introduction to the mathematics behind a range of structural processes. Some of the techniques used in this book may be familiar to the reader, and some may not, but each of the topics examined will give the structural engineer valuable insight into the basis of the subject. This companion book Plastic Design of Frames; Volume 2. Applications provides additional advanced topics and case studies. This lucid second volume provides a valuable read for structural engineers and others who wish to deepen their knowledge of the structural analysis and design of buildings.

Written in close collaboration with the designer himself, this book offers an in-depth and behind-the-scenes look at all aspects of his creative, design and manufacturing processes. Each of the illust

Victorian London is in the grip of a wave of crime and murder, with its citizens no longer able to trust the police to protect them. The newly formed Murder Squad of Scotland Yard, made up of just twe

Motivation is the hidden urge within us which impels us to behave in certain ways. This urge may be purely instinctive, like the need for food, it may arise from a rational decision to achieve a certain end or it may be the result of a combination of both these factors. Motivation is difficult to study directly, and its nature has to be inferred from a range of indirect sources. It develops in childhood, and from then on it is a vital part of our everyday experience. First published in 1969, Professor Vernon's book is an exposition of the fundamental psychology of human motivation, as opposed to motivational processes in animals, with which most books at the time of publication dealt. The principal effects of motivational frustration and conflict are also discussed. Experimental evidence is introduced whenever possible. The author has here drawn on her considerable experience as a lecturer and teacher to provide students with a sound basic knowledge of this important topic in psycholog

This is the 1968 second edition of Dr Ramsay's successful introductory account of the physiology of the lower animals. Dr Ramsay starts from general biochemical principles and considers how these relate to the physiology of an animal, according to its body size, mode of life and plan on which its body is organised. Dr Ramsay summarises the theme of the book in these words: 'I would like the student to realise that the mammal is a highly tuned physiological machine carrying out with superb efficiency what the lower animals are content to muddle through with, and that he must not necessarily expect to find in the lower animals the physiological processes and their special organs which he found in the mammal.'