Private Military and Security Companies in International Law ― A Challenge for Non-binding Norms: the Montreux Document and the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Providers

Many states view Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) as crucial to implementing their security policy. However, reoccurring incidents of human rights violations have led the international community, private sector, and civil society to acknowledge the need for more control over the use of PMSCs. Growing state support for The Montreux Document and an ever growing number of signatory companies to the International Code of Conduct for Security Providers (ICoC) show that self-regulation through non-binding norms has shifted to the center of the debate. This book examines the promises and dangers of emerging non-binding PMSC regulation alongside more traditional forms of law-making, such as plans for an international convention on the use of PMSCs. It offers an in-depth analysis of legal and political developments that led to the proliferation of The Montreux Document and the ICoC. Identifying the state side of duties and corporate responsibility as leaving gaps and grey zones in international law, the book analyzes how both instruments address 'the responsibility to protect' and 'the responsibility to respect.' Covering the Private Security Providers' Association's Articles of Association, the most recent developments on the establishment of a PMSC oversight mechanism are included. Finally, the book provides an original theory of how both instruments could become more effective to protect victims against PMSC human rights violations: The Montreux Document, by developing into a form of customary international law, and the standards of the ICoC framework, by developing into more binding normative standards as a form of 'corporate custom.'