Spare the Birds! ─ George Bird Grinnell and the First Audubon Society

In 1887, a year after founding the Audubon Society, explorer and conservationist George Bird Grinnell launchedAudubon Magazine. The magazine constituted one of the first efforts to preserve bird species decimated by the women's hat trade, hunting, and loss of habitat. Within two years, however, for practical reasons, Grinnell dissolved both the magazine and the society. Remarkably, Grinnell's mission was soon revived by women and men who believed in it, and the work continues today. In this, the only comprehensive history of the first Audubon Society (1886–1889), Carolyn Merchant presents the exceptional story of George Bird Grinnell and his writings and legacy. The book features Grinnell's biographies of ornithologists John James Audubon and Alexander Wilson and his editorials and descriptions of Audubon's bird paintings. This primary documentation combined with Carolyn Merchant's insightful analysis casts new light on Grinnell, the origins of the first Audubon Society, and the conservation of avifauna.

Carolyn Merchant is professor of environmental history, philosophy, and ethics at the University of California, Berkeley. She is the author or editor of twelve books and has been a Guggenheim fellow, among other honors. She lives in Berkeley, CA.