Natural Language Annotation for Machine Learning

This volume introduces a new concept, 'criterial features', for the learning, teaching and testing of English as a second language. The work is based on research conducted within the English Profile P

This path-breaking book provides a convincing argument for the importance of children's home languages and the benefits of dual- and multi-language learning.

The Routledge Course in Business Chinese has been specifically designed for students in the fourth year of language learning or above who wish to progress their language training and prepare to tackle

Make science accessible with this essential series that will capture children’s imagination while laying the foundation for future learning. With age-appropriate language and an eye-catching design, D

Make science accessible with this essential series that will capture children’s imagination while laying the foundation for future learning. With age-appropriate language and an eye-catching design, D

Make science accessible with this essential series that will capture children’s imagination while laying the foundation for future learning. With age-appropriate language and an eye-catching design, D

What is knowledge and how is it represented? This book focuses on the idea of formalising knowledge as relations, interpreting knowledge represented in databases or logic programs as relational data and discovering new knowledge by identifying hidden and defining new relations. After a brief introduction to representational issues, the author develops a relational language for abstract machine learning problems. He then uses this language to discuss traditional methods such as clustering and decision tree induction, before moving onto two previously underestimated topics that are just coming to the fore: rough set data analysis and inductive logic programming. Its clear and precise presentation is ideal for undergraduate computer science students. The book will also interest those who study artificial intelligence or machine learning at the graduate level. Exercises are provided and each concept is introduced using the same example domain, making it easier to compare the individual pro

What is knowledge and how is it represented? This book focuses on the idea of formalising knowledge as relations, interpreting knowledge represented in databases or logic programs as relational data and discovering new knowledge by identifying hidden and defining new relations. After a brief introduction to representational issues, the author develops a relational language for abstract machine learning problems. He then uses this language to discuss traditional methods such as clustering and decision tree induction, before moving onto two previously underestimated topics that are just coming to the fore: rough set data analysis and inductive logic programming. Its clear and precise presentation is ideal for undergraduate computer science students. The book will also interest those who study artificial intelligence or machine learning at the graduate level. Exercises are provided and each concept is introduced using the same example domain, making it easier to compare the individual pro

Learning how to get answers from data is an integral part of modern training in the natural, physical, social, and engineering sciences. One of the most exciting changes in data management and analysi

The Routledge Course in Business Chinese has been specifically designed for students in the fourth year of language learning or above who wish to progress their language training and prepare to tackle

This brilliantly illustrated book taps into children's natural curiosity about the vast world of space. This level two reader, written in simple language that is easy for young readers to understand,

Understanding how the Chinese writing system illustrates universal design features of writing and literacy learning, as well as how it differs from alphabetic literacy, has become one of the cutting edge areas of research in the cognitive sciences. A major part of this book is devoted to the presentation of a series of proposals for collaborative research with investigators working in East Asia on cross-writing system comparisons and bilingual literacy—Comparing alphabetic and morpho-syllabic literacy. The part that corresponds to "International perspectives" proposes new avenues in research on problems of bilingualism shared by speakers of all languages. With a broad survey of research advances drawing from recent investigations, this book will provide non-specialist readers with examples of how the relevant concepts might be applied to practical problems-age of acquisition effects in first and second language development; analysis of language attrition and asymmetries of different k

Formal systems that describe computations over syntactic structures occur frequently in computer science. Logic programming provides a natural framework for encoding and animating such systems. However, these systems often embody variable binding, a notion that must be treated carefully at a computational level. This book aims to show that a programming language based on a simply typed version of higher-order logic provides an elegant, declarative means for providing such a treatment. Three broad topics are covered in pursuit of this goal. First, a proof-theoretic framework that supports a general view of logic programming is identified. Second, an actual language called λProlog is developed by applying this view to higher-order logic. Finally, a methodology for programming with specifications is exposed by showing how several computations over formal objects such as logical formulas, functional programs, and λ-terms and π-calculus expressions can be encoded in λProlog.

The 18 papers in this collection explore machine learning techniques for extracting information from large amounts of data with several variables. Six papers from Spanish universities review Bayesian

Suitable for toddlers, this title helps them build language, understanding and enjoyment. It also helps them in learning to spot and name, or learning to recognise words. It features bright illustrati

Enhanced by free downloadable online learning tools, this introduction to the Chinese language includes more than 90,000 entries and translations; pinyin transcriptions for all Chinese characters; and

From the author of Mockingbird, a National Book Award winner!Mike tries so hard to please his father, but the only language his dad seems to speak is calculus. And for a boy with a math learning disab

A simple approach for learning French grammar by comparing it to your first language, English!Side-by-Side French and English Grammar present explanations of the essential elements of French grammar a

A simple approach for learning Spanish grammar by comparing it to your first language, English!Side-by-Side Spanish and English Grammar present explanations of the essential elements of Spanish gramma

Alyssa Ayres' fascinating study examines Pakistan's troubled history by exploring the importance of culture to political legitimacy. Early leaders selected Urdu as the natural symbol of the nation's great cultural past, but due to its limited base great efforts would be required to make it truly national. This paradox underscores the importance of cultural policies for national identity formation. By comparing Pakistan's experience with those of India and Indonesia, the author analyzes how their national language policies led to very different outcomes. The lessons of these large multiethnic states offer insights for the understanding of culture, identity, and nationalism throughout the world. The book is aimed at scholars in the fields of history, political theory and South Asian studies, as well as those interested in the history of culture and nationalism in one of the world's most complex, and challenging, countries.

Statistical models recently developed in several research communities (natural language processing, information retrieval, machine learning) for textual information access pertain to several applicati

The principles of cognition are becoming increasingly important in the areas of signal processing, communications and control. In this groundbreaking book, Simon Haykin, a pioneer in the field and an award-winning researcher, educator and author, sets out the fundamental ideas of cognitive dynamic systems. Weaving together the various branches of study involved, he demonstrates the power of cognitive information processing and highlights a range of future research directions. The book begins with a discussion of core topics such as cognition and sensing, dealing, in particular, with the perception-action cycle. Bayesian filtering, machine learning and dynamic programming are then addressed. Building on these foundations, there is detailed coverage of two important practical applications, cognitive radar and cognitive radio. Blending theory and practice, this insightful book is aimed at all graduate students and researchers looking for a thorough grounding in this fascinating field.

This psychology text for a first course in motivation reviews the strong and weak points of the biological, behavioral, and cognitive perspectives of motivation. It uses direct language and examples f

SummaryMacRuby in Action is a tutorial for Ruby developers who want to code for Mac OS X without learning Objective-C. You'll learn the ins and outs of the MacRuby language, including straightforward

Make science accessible with this essential series that will capture children’s imagination while laying the foundation for future learning. With clear, simple language and a compelling design, Discov

Make science accessible with this essential series that will capture children’s imagination while laying the foundation for future learning. With clear, simple language and a compelling design, Discov

One of the difficulties many students experience in learning math skills has to do with the fact that an entire language, both spoken and written, has grown up around math. Students that acquire that

Make science accessible with this essential series that will capture children’s imagination while laying the foundation for future learning. With clear, simple language and a compelling design, Discov

Together with the fundamentals of probability, random processes and statistical analysis, this insightful book also presents a broad range of advanced topics and applications. There is extensive coverage of Bayesian vs. frequentist statistics, time series and spectral representation, inequalities, bound and approximation, maximum-likelihood estimation and the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, geometric Brownian motion and Itô process. Applications such as hidden Markov models (HMM), the Viterbi, BCJR, and Baum–Welch algorithms, algorithms for machine learning, Wiener and Kalman filters, and queueing and loss networks are treated in detail. The book will be useful to students and researchers in such areas as communications, signal processing, networks, machine learning, bioinformatics, econometrics and mathematical finance. With a solutions manual, lecture slides, supplementary materials and MATLAB programs all available online, it is ideal for classroom teaching as well as a val

This edited volume provides an overview of the latest advancements in adaptive training technology. Intelligent tutoring has been deployed for well-defined and relatively static educational domains such as algebra and geometry. However, this adaptive approach to computer-based training has yet to come into wider usage for domains that are less well defined or where student-system interactions are less structured, such as during scenario-based simulation and immersive serious games. In order to address how to expand the reach of adaptive training technology to these domains, leading experts in the field present their work in areas such as student modeling, pedagogical strategy, knowledge assessment, natural language processing and virtual human agents. Several approaches to designing adaptive technology are discussed for both traditional educational settings and professional training domains. This book will appeal to anyone concerned with educational and training technology at a profess

Childhood and family life have changed significantly in recent decades. What is the nature of these changes? How have they affected the use of time, space, work and play? In what ways have they influenced face-to-face talk and the uses of technology within families and communities? Eminent anthropologist Shirley Brice Heath sets out to find answers to these and similar questions, tracking the lives of 300 black and white working-class families as they reshaped their lives in new locations, occupations and interpersonal alignments over a period of thirty years. From the 1981 recession through the economic instabilities and technological developments of the opening decade of the twenty-first century, Shirley Brice Heath shows how families constantly rearrange their patterns of work, language, play and learning in response to economic pressures. This outstanding study is a must-read for anyone interested in family life, language development and social change.

Childhood and family life have changed significantly in recent decades. What is the nature of these changes? How have they affected the use of time, space, work and play? In what ways have they influenced face-to-face talk and the uses of technology within families and communities? Eminent anthropologist Shirley Brice Heath sets out to find answers to these and similar questions, tracking the lives of 300 black and white working-class families as they reshaped their lives in new locations, occupations and interpersonal alignments over a period of thirty years. From the 1981 recession through the economic instabilities and technological developments of the opening decade of the twenty-first century, Shirley Brice Heath shows how families constantly rearrange their patterns of work, language, play and learning in response to economic pressures. This outstanding study is a must-read for anyone interested in family life, language development and social change.

Exhibition environments are enticingly complex spaces: as facilitators of experience; as free-choice learning contexts; as theaters of drama; as encyclopedic warehouses of cultural and natural heritag

Electronic texts and text analysis tools have opened up a wealth of opportunities to higher education and language service providers, but learning to use these resources continues to pose challenges t

“Practical Applications of Evolutionary Computation to Financial Engineering” presents the state of the art techniques in Financial Engineering using recent results in Machine Learning and Evolutionar

Processing Instruction is an approach to grammar instruction for second language learning, contrasting with traditional grammar instruction in its focus on structured input rather than learners' outpu

This Workbook offers a step-by-step guide for city officials in proactively planning for natural disasters and climate change impacts. It is based on learning from three cities in Vietnam - Ha Noi, Ca

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE inspires and equips students to make a difference for the world. Featuring sustainability as their central theme, authors Tyler Miller and Scott Spoolman emphasize natural capita

CONTEXTUALIZED FRENCH GRAMMAR: A HANDBOOK is a reference guide for lower division French-language students designed to help bridge the gap between lower-level language classes and upper-level content

In 1860, Charles Francis Hall (1821–71), the American polar explorer, embarked on the first of two voyages to the Canadian Arctic region aimed at investigating the fate of Sir John Franklin's lost expedition of 1847. During his time in the Arctic, Hall lived amongst the Inuit community, learning their language and embracing their everyday life. First published in 1864, Hall's recollections remain of great interest to anthropologists, sociologists and geographers. His eye-witness accounts of the indigenous people's dwellings, interpersonal relationships, hunting pursuits, birth and death rites, methods of transport, and survival strategies in severe weather conditions provide an insight into Inuit culture in the nineteenth century. Volume 1 describes Hall's journey north, arrival at Holsteinborg, the Danish administrative centre in Greenland, and onward voyage to Baffin Island, where his search for traces of Franklin, and his experience of Inuit life, began.