Objectivity

The aspiration to relate the past 'as it really happened' has been the central goal of American professional historians since the late nineteenth century. In this remarkable history of the profession, Peter Novick shows how the idea and ideal of objectivity were elaborated, challenged, modified, and defended over the last century. Drawing on the unpublished correspondence as well as the published writings of hundreds of American historians from J. Franklin Jameson and Charles Beard to Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and Eugene Genovese, That Noble Dream is a richly textured account of what American historians have thought they were doing, or ought to be doing, when they wrote history - how their principles influenced their practice and practical exigencies influenced their principles.

From Galileo's analysis of motion to the theories of evolution and relativity, Charles Gillispie takes us on a masterly tour of the world of scientific ideas. The history of modern science is portraye

我們常以「夠不夠客觀」評價意見的可靠性，客觀彷彿就等同不偏不倚的立場、公正無私的判斷，崇高的價值不容置疑。但怎麼樣才算「客觀」，其實是個複雜的哲學概念。本書從對客觀的四種描述──排除偏頗與成見、不受任何假設或價值影響的判斷、在相互競爭的假設間建立一套判斷的程序、以及積極性的精確的表述──開始，逐一分析其中的問題：客觀性從何時成為一種價值？科學就是客觀的嗎？有真實客觀的知識存在嗎？對世界的認識可能不受任何假設或價值影響嗎？客觀的就有權威、就是真理？怎麼樣算精確的表徵？量化數字就是真正客觀的嗎？人類行為、倫理學和品味也都有客觀性嗎？作者簡要回顧現代客觀性誕生的背景，再挑戰科學的客觀性、對世界的概念建構、客觀性與真理的關係，直指當代以輾壓性的數字運算取代判斷的責任，最後返回人本的倫理學和品味美學的客觀性討論，展現哲學回應當代社會議題的方式。本書特色客觀性已經成為現代生活中的崇高價值，而科學經常就被視為較具有客觀性的領域，其中最不受汙染的是量化的數字，於是，政治社會經濟等各種議題，也都以數字管理為追求客觀的方法。本書簡要回顧現代客觀性的背景與意義，羅列其中關鍵的問題並逐一解析，展現哲學回應當代社會議題的方式。

我們身處資訊氾濫，真假難辨的時刻：人工智慧的飛快進展不僅可以大量生成虛假內容，深偽技術輕鬆製造假的新聞流竄於各種平台，狂潮甚至掃向學術與科學社群……人類的判斷力受到前所未有的挑戰。但怎麼樣養成獨立思考的能力？這似乎不是我們傳統教育體制的關懷。如何讓自己成為一個「不好騙的人」，卻又不被懷疑論的虛無所吞噬？這就有賴於思考的訓練。有別於歐陸哲學龐大晦澀的理論，這個系列藉由講究清晰思考、嚴謹論證的分析哲學，展示人類細緻的思考能力。哲學始於一個簡單的疑問：為什麼？從好奇心開始，我們學習探究事物的本質、釐清使用的語言，《哲學方法》即是從這個起源，介紹爭論的邏輯形式、語言分析，思想實驗的支持與挑戰，以及當代哲學方法和各個學科的合作，建構思考力的工具。談到思考，我們需要檢視人類的意識狀態、當作動詞的思考和當作名詞的思維內容，《思維》扼要不失細緻地討論這些面向與限制。確認了思維的狀態，我們把視線轉向外在世界，作為宇宙黏合劑的《因果關係》存在嗎？以因果構築的世界是否真的是我們所想的樣子？此刻討論這個問題格外有意義，畢竟科學社群、政治決策，以及最新的AI訓練學習都涉及因果關係。懷疑論／陰謀說幾乎是全球面對的共同問題，有所謂「真相」這回事嗎？然而，懷疑卻又是推動進步的動力！《懷疑論》質疑因果與知識的穩固性，迫使方法更嚴謹，本書為知識辯護，也解析把激進懷疑論帶入公共討論的嚴重性。那麼，追求知識理想的《客觀性》可有一致的標準？所謂的「客觀」是什麼意思？可量化的就是客觀的嗎？人的行為研究或品味又如何呢？最後，《偽科學》裡為真假劃界的問題，帶我們回顧科學的型態，也讓我們回到當前生活的重要課題－－假新聞、反疫苗、甚至是科學造假，本書的內容都可以應用得上。生而為人，卻凡事問AI？鍛鍊自己的思辨力，才不致於在資訊洪流中滅頂。

The term "Enlightenment" still carries its tie to a grand philosophical tradition that in Britain moves through Bacon, Locke, and Hume. But the literature and philosophy of the Enlightenment was full of practical knowledge associated with the body and with craft. This book is an account of the eighteenth-century thinkers from across social classes who turned to the body to formulate new ways of knowing natural and social worlds—what Ruth Mack calls handicraft philosophies. The writers discussed in this book include a formerly enslaved man, Olaudah Equiano, and a washerwoman, Mary Collier, as well as gentlemen Joseph Banks and James Boswell, and the artist William Hogarth. In their efforts to communicate embodied ways of knowing, they bring together theory and practice; they set aside objectivity and relish the practical ways of knowing that are traditionally associated with lower classes and less-than-privileged bodies. Mack focuses on how such knowledge proved especially helpful for u

This book explores the evolving nature of objectivity in the history of science and its implications for science education. It is generally considered that objectivity, certainty, truth, universality,

"Reconstructing Strategy" explores how our self-identities, whether as individuals, organizations or countries, impact our strategies. Specifically, the book demonstrates that self-i

Since the Enlightenment, a great deal of ethical philosophy has presumed that rational human beings must set aside their emotions when seeking to make objective and sound moral decisions.Love and Obje

Taking a close look at the forces that affect English education in schools—at the ways literature, cognitive science, the privileging of the STEM disciplines, and current educational policies are conn

Taking a close look at the forces that affect English education in schools—at the ways literature, cognitive science, the privileging of the STEM disciplines, and current educational policies are conn

Although both philosophers and scientists are interested in how to obtain reliable knowledge in the face of error, there is a gap between their perspectives that has been an obstacle to progress. By means of a series of exchanges between the editors and leaders from the philosophy of science, statistics and economics, this volume offers a cumulative introduction connecting problems of traditional philosophy of science to problems of inference in statistical and empirical modelling practice. Philosophers of science and scientific practitioners are challenged to reevaluate the assumptions of their own theories - philosophical or methodological. Practitioners may better appreciate the foundational issues around which their questions revolve and thereby become better 'applied philosophers'. Conversely, new avenues emerge for finally solving recalcitrant philosophical problems of induction, explanation and theory testing.

A New, Objective, Pro-Objectivity Normative Theory tries to solve fundamental normative moral, social, political, educational, legal, etc. problems. It defends a uniquely evidence-based, objective the

Although both philosophers and scientists are interested in how to obtain reliable knowledge in the face of error, there is a gap between their perspectives that has been an obstacle to progress. By means of a series of exchanges between the editors and leaders from the philosophy of science, statistics and economics, this volume offers a cumulative introduction connecting problems of traditional philosophy of science to problems of inference in statistical and empirical modelling practice. Philosophers of science and scientific practitioners are challenged to reevaluate the assumptions of their own theories - philosophical or methodological. Practitioners may better appreciate the foundational issues around which their questions revolve and thereby become better 'applied philosophers'. Conversely, new avenues emerge for finally solving recalcitrant philosophical problems of induction, explanation and theory testing.

In this book, now published in 10 languages, a preeminent intellectual historian examines the profound changes in ideas about the nature of history and historiography. Georg G. Iggers traces the basi

The Good, the Right, and the Real: Is Value a Fact? argues for a strongly objective understanding of ethics. This book offers a cumulative case for robust moral objectivity, the combination of both prescriptivity and objectivity. It provides positive arguments to believe in morality realistically construed, from Moorean arguments to indispensability arguments; from partners in guilt arguments to C. S. Lewis's arguments in The Abolition of Man, and more. This book outlines critiques of such moral objectivity ranging from queerness objections and moral arguments against morality to debunking objections to moral knowledge. It offers critiques of several alternative views like those of Friedrich Nietzsche, error theory, classical expressivism, constructivism, and sensibility theory. In the process of endorsing a generous empiricism and expansive conception of rationality, it delves into evidential considerations that go beyond the purely philosophical. This book argues that a supernaturali

本教材由十章組成，分別從旅遊業發展的時間維度(旅遊發展史)、客體(旅遊吸引物)、供給方(旅遊業)、需求方(旅遊市場)、供需互動(旅遊體驗)、管理方(政府與旅遊組織)、旅遊賦能鄉村振興、新質生產力驅動下的旅遊發展以及旅遊活動帶來的影響等角度展開介紹，目的是為從事旅遊研究的人士提供較為系統的旅遊學相關理論與實踐參考。每個章節特別設計了教學目標與要求、內容導覽結構圖、章節主題學前案例導入，以及學後案例分析等板塊。本教材希望通過這些設計引導學習者更加高效地理解知識、掌握知識，提升利用理論分析、指導旅遊業運營管理實踐的能力。This textbook consists of ten chapters, which respectively introduces the time dimension of tourism development (tourism development history), objectivity (tourism attractions), the supply (tourism industry), the demand (tourist markets), the tourism supply？demand interaction (tourism experience), the management (government and tourism organizations), tourism empowering rural revitalization, tourism development driven by new quality productive forces and the impact of tourism activities，to provide a systematic theoretical and practical reference for those interested in tourism studies. Each chapter has specially designed items such

FINALIST FOR THE 2024 NATIONAL BOOK AWARD FOR POETRYFINALIST FOR THE 2024 HEARTLAND BOOKSELLERS AWARD FOR POETRYDiane Seuss’s signature voice―audacious in its honesty, virtuosic in its artistry, outsider in its attitude―has become one of the most original in contemporary poetry. Her latest collection takes its title, Modern Poetry, from the first textbook Seuss encountered as a child and the first poetry course she took in college, as an enrapt but ill-equipped student, one who felt poetry was beyond her reach. Many of the poems make use of the forms and terms of musical and poetic craft―ballad, fugue, aria, refrain, coda―and contend with the works of writers overrepresented in textbooks and anthologies and those too often underrepresented. Seuss provides a moving account of her picaresque years and their uncertainties, and in the process, she enters the realm between Modernism and Romanticism, between romance and objectivity, with Keats as ghost, lover, and interlocutor.In poems

Grotesque Visions focuses on the radical avant-garde interventions of Salomo Friedländer (aka Mynona), Til Brugman, and Hannah Höch as they challenged the questionable practices and evidentiary claims of late-19th- and early-20th-century science. Demonstrating the often excessive measures that pathologists, anthropologists, sexologists, and medical professionals went to present their research in a seemingly unambiguous way, this volume shows how Friedländer/Mynona, Brugman, Höch, and other Berlin-based artists used the artistic grotesque to criticize, satirize, and subvert a variety of forms of supposed scientific objectivity. The volume concludes by examining the exhibition Grotesk!: 130 Jahre Kunst der Frechheit / Comic Grotesque: Wit and Mockery in German Arts, 1870-1940 . In contrast to the ahistorical and amorphous concept informing the exhibition, Thomas O. Haakenson reveals a unique deployment of the artistic grotesque that targeted specific established and emerging scienti

Written under the sign of Beckett, this book addresses comparative law's commitment to the deterritorialization of the legal and its attendant claim for the normative relevance of foreign law locally in the fabrication of statutory determinations, judicial opinions, or academic reflections. Wanting to withstand the law's persistent tendency towards nationalist retrenchment and counter comparative law's institutional marginalization, the fifteen essays at hand impart radical and discerning intellectual equipment in order to foster the valorization of the legally foreign and the comparative motion. In particular, the critique informing this manifesto examines pre-eminent topics like culture and difference, understanding and translatability, objectivity and truth, invention and tracing. Harnessing insights from a range of disciplinary discourses, this book contends that comparatists must boldly desist from their field's dominant epistemology and embrace a practice much better attuned to t

This Element examines the many facets of ethical realism and the issues at stake in metaethical debates about it―both between realism and non-realist alternatives, and between different versions of realism itself. Starting with a minimal core characterization of ethical realism focused on claims about meaning and truth, we go on to develop a narrower and more theoretically useful conception by adding further claims about objectivity and ontological commitment. Yet even this common understanding of ethical realism captures a surprisingly heterogeneous range of views. In fact, a strong case can be made for adding several more conditions in order to arrive at a proper paradigm of realism about ethics when understood in a non-deflationary way. We then develop this more robust realism, bringing out its distinctive take on ethical objectivity and normative authority, its unique ontological commitments, and both the support for it and some challenges it faces.

顧名思義，本書用三章分別分析了法律的客觀性的諸維度、法治的分類及內涵，以及客觀性及法治的關係及其在政治權威或政治道德中的作用。作者運用實證主義的方法，將法律的客觀性分為六個主要維度，並分別予以詳細分析；將法治概念分為“作為任何法律體系運行所必須的條件的法治”和“作為西方政治傳統的道德要求的法治”，並以富勒法治八大原則為線索，對兩種法治分別展開分析；最後論證了客觀性多個維度與兩種法治之間的關係，以及它們對政治權威的影響。總之，本書結構清晰，論述簡單，但仍保持一定深度，中文版翻譯亦準確、通順，若對法理學尤其是實證法學有興趣，推薦一讀。

Derek Parfit (1942–2017) was one of the most important and influential moral philosophers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. This Element offers a critical introduction to his wide-ranging ethical thought, focusing especially on his two most significant works, Reasons and Persons (1984) and On What Matters (2011), and their contribution to the consequentialist moral tradition. Topics covered include: rationality and objectivity, distributive justice, self-defeating moral theories, Parfit's Triple Theory (according to which consequentialism, contractualism, and Kantian ethics ultimately converge), personal identity, and population ethics.

Now revised and containing several new chapters, this book provides a comprehensive set of ethical principles and methods of reasoning for a new era of digital, global media. It describes the turbulent state of media ethics in ordinary language and through clear examples, and provides a pragmatic theory of truth and objectivity for engaged media. Concrete guidelines are articulated for identifying fake news and for reporting responsibly on social media racism, extreme groups, and anti-democratic demagogues, showing how citizens and journalists can work together to detox a polluted public sphere. The book examines global media ethics, where norms guide the reporting of global issues such as climate change and immigration, and considers what constitutes responsible journalism. It will be valuable for both students and practitioners of journalism and media ethics, and can also be used as a citizen's guide for evaluating media reports.

Now revised and containing several new chapters, this book provides a comprehensive set of ethical principles and methods of reasoning for a new era of digital, global media. It describes the turbulent state of media ethics in ordinary language and through clear examples, and provides a pragmatic theory of truth and objectivity for engaged media. Concrete guidelines are articulated for identifying fake news and for reporting responsibly on social media racism, extreme groups, and anti-democratic demagogues, showing how citizens and journalists can work together to detox a polluted public sphere. The book examines global media ethics, where norms guide the reporting of global issues such as climate change and immigration, and considers what constitutes responsible journalism. It will be valuable for both students and practitioners of journalism and media ethics, and can also be used as a citizen's guide for evaluating media reports.

This book, first published in 1988, analyses the history of auditing with objectivity. These chapters reveal the importance of auditing in society generally and business activity particularly. The cha

Comparative psychology, the multidisciplinary study of animal behavior and psychology, confronts the challenge of how to study animals we find cute and easy to anthropomorphize, and animals we find odd and easy to objectify, without letting these biases negatively impact the science. In this Element, Kristin Andrews identifies and critically examines the principles of comparative psychology and shows how they can introduce other biases by objectifying animal subjects and encouraging scientists to remain detached. Andrews outlines the scientific benefits of treating animals as sentient research participants who come from their own social contexts and with whom we will be in relationship. With discussions of science's quest for objectivity, worries about romantic and killjoy theories, and debates about chimpanzee cognition between primatologists who work in the field and those in the lab, Andrews shows how scientists can address the different biases through greater integration of the sub

How did a single genre of text have the power to standardise the English language across time and region, rival the Bible in notions of authority, and challenge our understanding of objectivity, prescription, and description? Since the first monolingual dictionary appeared in 1604, the genre has sparked evolution, innovation, devotion, plagiarism, and controversy. This comprehensive volume presents an overview of essential issues pertaining to dictionary style and content and a fresh narrative of the development of English dictionaries throughout the centuries. Essays on the regional and global nature of English lexicography (dictionary making) explore its power in standardising varieties of English and defining nations seeking independence from the British Empire: from Canada to the Caribbean. Leading scholars and lexicographers historically contextualise an array of dictionaries and pose urgent theoretical and methodological questions relating to their role as tools of standardisatio

How did a single genre of text have the power to standardise the English language across time and region, rival the Bible in notions of authority, and challenge our understanding of objectivity, prescription, and description? Since the first monolingual dictionary appeared in 1604, the genre has sparked evolution, innovation, devotion, plagiarism, and controversy. This comprehensive volume presents an overview of essential issues pertaining to dictionary style and content and a fresh narrative of the development of English dictionaries throughout the centuries. Essays on the regional and global nature of English lexicography (dictionary making) explore its power in standardising varieties of English and defining nations seeking independence from the British Empire: from Canada to the Caribbean. Leading scholars and lexicographers historically contextualise an array of dictionaries and pose urgent theoretical and methodological questions relating to their role as tools of standardisatio

Evangelos Raftopoulos explores international negotiation as a structured process of relational governance that generates international common interest between and among international participants and in relation to the international public order. He challenges prescriptive models of negotiation - developed in international relations and positivistic approaches to international law, which artificially separate treaties from negotiation in the name of 'objectivity' - and opens a window for looking at international negotiations from a novel, international law perspective. Using an interdisciplinary approach that incorporates law, philosophy, politics, and linguistics, he proposes a holistic, theoretical model of multilateral international negotiation that not only offers a 'subjective' view of international law in practice but also demonstrates the importance of understanding the horizontal normativity of international ordering. This work should be read by academics and practitioners of i

Philosophy of logic is a fundamental part of philosophical study, and one which is increasingly recognized as being immensely important in relation to many issues in metaphysics, metametaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of language. This textbook provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to topics including the objectivity of logical inference rules and its relevance in discussions of epistemological relativism, the revived interest in logical pluralism, the question of logic's metaphysical neutrality, and the demarcation between logic and mathematics. Chapters in the book cover the state of the art in contemporary philosophy of logic, and allow students to understand the philosophical relevance of these debates without having to contend with complex technical arguments. This will be a major new resource for students working on logic, as well as for readers seeking a better understanding of philosophy of logic in its wider context.

Philosophy of logic is a fundamental part of philosophical study, and one which is increasingly recognized as being immensely important in relation to many issues in metaphysics, metametaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of language. This textbook provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to topics including the objectivity of logical inference rules and its relevance in discussions of epistemological relativism, the revived interest in logical pluralism, the question of logic's metaphysical neutrality, and the demarcation between logic and mathematics. Chapters in the book cover the state of the art in contemporary philosophy of logic, and allow students to understand the philosophical relevance of these debates without having to contend with complex technical arguments. This will be a major new resource for students working on logic, as well as for readers seeking a better understanding of philosophy of logic in its wider context.